{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T23:12:09Z","timestamp":1762297929407},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,30]],"date-time":"2012-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354233600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291712002711_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although depression and mania are often assumed to be polar opposites, studies have shown that, in patients with bipolar disorder, they are weakly positively correlated and vary somewhat independently over time. Thus, when investigating relationships between specific psychological processes and specific symptoms (mania and depression), co-morbidity between the symptoms and changes over time must be taken into account.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291712002711_sec_a2\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 253 bipolar disorder patients were assessed every 24 weeks for 18 months using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD), the Bech\u2013Rafaelsen Mania Assessment Scale (MAS), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire (RSEQ), the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS), the Internal, Personal and Situational Attributions Questionnaire (IPSAQ) and the Personal Qualities Questionnaire (PQQ). We calculated multilevel models using the<jats:sc>xtreg<\/jats:sc>module of Stata 9.1, with psychological and clinical measures nested within each participant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291712002711_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mania and depression were weakly, yet significantly, associated; each was related to distinct psychological processes. Cross-sectionally, self-esteem showed the most robust associations with depression and mania: depression was associated with low positive and high negative self-esteem, and mania with high positive self-esteem. Depression was significantly associated with most of the other self-referential measures, whereas mania was weakly associated only with the externalizing bias of the IPSAQ and the achievement scale of the DAS. Prospectively, low self-esteem predicted future depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291712002711_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The associations between different self-referential thinking processes and different phases of bipolar disorder, and the presence of the negative self-concept in both depression and mania, have implications for therapeutic management, and also for future directions of research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291712002711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,30]],"date-time":"2012-11-30T13:03:22Z","timestamp":1354280602000},"page":"1895-1907","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Symptom-specific self-referential cognitive processes in bipolar disorder: a longitudinal analysis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"H.","family":"Pavlickova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Varese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Turnbull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Morriss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Kinderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Paykel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. P.","family":"Bentall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1988.tb00472.x"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.047894"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511610806"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref41","first-page":"974","article-title":"Attributional style in depression: a meta-analytic review","volume":"50","author":"Sweeney","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Processes and Individual Differences"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.98.1.14"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.102.2.282"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799008879"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703007876"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.188.4.313"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00172-6"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref30","volume-title":"Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling Using Stata","author":"Rabe-Hesketh","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.163.6.755"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.187.5.431"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2004.11.002"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.40.020189.002325"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01173577"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jrpe.2000.2291"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1979.tb04484.x"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2006.25.7.726"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref2","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Selected Papers of Karl Abraham","author":"Abraham","year":"1911\/1927"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2008.05.025"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400876136"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(99)00133-0"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref9","first-page":"44","volume-title":"Psychopathology: An Interactional Perspective","author":"Depue","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref31","first-page":"313","volume-title":"Behavioral Assessment: A Practical Handbook","author":"Rehm","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Self-discrepancies and emotional vulnerability: how magnitude, accessibility and type of discrepancy influence affect","volume":"41","author":"Higgins","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.108.2.273"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref24","first-page":"515","article-title":"The interpretation of, and responses to, changes in internal states: an integrative cognitive model of mood swings and bipolar disorders","volume":"35","author":"Mansell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jrpe.1994.1019"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref2a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016604"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800180050009"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466505X29189"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.10.017"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref25a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2010.00856.x"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(95)00186-7"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref28a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700028117"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301620"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.109.4.721"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(96)03021-1"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.3.426","article-title":"Phenomenology of mania: evidence for distinct depressed, dysphoric, and euphoric presentations","volume":"156","author":"Dilsaver","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2007.07.010"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref4","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref22a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1997.tb09931.x"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00457.x"},{"key":"S0033291712002711_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2010.01602.x"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291712002711","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T07:46:08Z","timestamp":1687851968000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291712002711\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,30]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291712002711"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291712002711","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,30]]}}}