{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T22:58:40Z","timestamp":1762210720145},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,24]],"date-time":"2013-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372032000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291713001396_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>DSM-IV specifies a hierarchal diagnostic structure such that an oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) diagnosis is applied only if criteria are<jats:italic>not<\/jats:italic>met for conduct disorder (CD). Genetic studies of ODD and CD support a combination of shared genetic and environmental influences but largely ignore the imposed diagnostic structure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291713001396_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined whether ODD and CD share an underlying etiology while accounting for DSM-IV diagnostic specifications. Data from 1446 female twin pairs, aged 11\u201319 years, were fitted to two-stage models adhering to the DSM-IV diagnostic hierarchy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291713001396_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The models suggested that DSM-IV ODD\u2013CD covariation is attributed largely to shared genetic influences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291713001396_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first study, to our knowledge, to examine genetic and environmental overlap among these disorders while maintaining a DSM-IV hierarchical structure. The findings reflect primarily shared genetic influences and specific (i.e. uncorrelated) shared\/familial environmental effects on these DSM-IV-defined behaviors. These results have implications for how best to define CD and ODD for future genetically informed analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291713001396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,24]],"date-time":"2013-06-24T12:33:26Z","timestamp":1372077206000},"page":"1053-1064","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["DSM-IV defined conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder: an investigation of shared liability in female twins"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"V. S.","family":"Knopik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. 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