{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:06:45Z","timestamp":1790766405662,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,9]],"date-time":"2013-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1373328000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S003329171300161X_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The triarchic model of psychopathy characterizes the disorder in terms of three distinguishable phenotypic facets: disinhibition, meanness and boldness. The present study sought to (1) inform current debates regarding the role of boldness in the definition of psychopathy and (2) clarify boundaries between psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S003329171300161X_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study evaluated the degree to which facets of the triarchic model are represented in the most widely used clinical inventory for psychopathy, the Psychopathy Checklist \u2013 Revised (PCL-R), in comparison with ASPD as defined by DSM-IV criteria. Adult male offenders from two distinct correctional settings (<jats:italic>n\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\u00a0157 and 169) were investigated to ensure replicability of findings across samples exhibiting high base rates of psychopathy and antisocial behavior.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S003329171300161X_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found evidence for convergent and discriminant validity of the three triarchic facets in predicting symptomatic components of psychopathy as assessed by the PCL-R. Additionally, and crucially <jats:italic>vis-\u00e0-vis<\/jats:italic> current debates in the field, we found that boldness contributed incrementally (over and above disinhibition and meanness) to prediction of PCL-R psychopathy, in particular its interpersonal style component, but not ASPD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S003329171300161X_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The three distinct facets of the triarchic model of psychopathy are represented clearly and distinctly in the PCL-R, with boldness through its interpersonal facet, but not in DSM-defined ASPD. Our findings suggest that boldness is central to diagnostic conceptions of psychopathy and distinguishes psychopathy from the more prevalent diagnosis of ASPD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003329171300161x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,9]],"date-time":"2013-07-09T08:12:01Z","timestamp":1373357521000},"page":"1005-1013","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["Differentiating psychopathy from antisocial personality disorder: a triarchic model perspective"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"N. C.","family":"Venables","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. R.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. J.","family":"Patrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(94)90046-9"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191103261466"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref12","volume-title":"The Hare Psychopathy Checklist \u2013 Revised","author":"Hare","year":"2003"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. DSM-5","year":"2013"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref14","first-page":"58","volume-title":"Handbook of Psychopathy","author":"Hare","year":"2006"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191105277110"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024703"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026987"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref13","first-page":"127","volume-title":"The DSM-IV Personality Disorders","author":"Hare","year":"1995"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6603_3"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref23","unstructured":"Patrick CJ (2010). Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM) (https:\/\/www.phenxtoolkit.org\/index.php?pageLink=browse.protocoldetails&id=121601). Accessed 13 January 2013."},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref20","volume-title":"The Antisocial Personalities","author":"Lykken","year":"1995"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024567"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref6","volume-title":"The Mask of Sanity: An Attempt to Reinterpret the So-called Psychopathic Personality","author":"Cleckley","year":"1941"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017240"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046016"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029306"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref31","first-page":"415","volume-title":"Handbook of Psychopathy","author":"Verona","year":"2006"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. DSM-IV-TR","year":"2000"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.140.7.887","article-title":"Diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder in two prison populations","volume":"140","author":"Hare","year":"1983","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref7","volume-title":"The Mask of Sanity","author":"Cleckley","year":"1976"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref32","first-page":"156","volume-title":"Handbook of Psychopathy","author":"Widiger","year":"2006"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref9","volume-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II)","author":"First","year":"1997"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref19","volume-title":"Psychopathic Personality Inventory \u2013 Revised (PPI-R): Professional Manual","author":"Lilienfeld","year":"2005"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025282"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.116.4.645"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579409000492"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027173"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191113486691"},{"key":"S003329171300161X_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100611426706"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S003329171300161X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T17:33:45Z","timestamp":1555954425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S003329171300161X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,9]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S003329171300161X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s003329171300161x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,9]]}}}