{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:30:17Z","timestamp":1791851417706,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,16]],"date-time":"2013-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1387152000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291713003012_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although prior genetic studies of interview-assessed fears and phobias have shown that genetic factors predispose individuals to fears and phobias, they have been restricted to the DSM-III to DSM-IV aggregated subtypes of phobias rather than to individual fearful and phobic stimuli.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291713003012_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined the lifetime history of fears and\/or phobias in response to 21 individual phobic stimuli in 4067 personally interviewed twins from same-sex pairs from the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Disorders (VATSPSUD). We performed multivariate statistical analyses using Mx and Mplus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291713003012_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The best-fitting model for the 21 phobic stimuli included four genetic factors (agora-social-acrophobia, animal phobia, blood-injection-illness phobia and claustrophobia) and three environmental factors (agora-social-hospital phobia, animal phobia, and situational phobia).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291713003012_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study provides the first view of the architecture of genetic and environmental risk factors for phobic disorders and their subtypes. The genetic factors of the phobias support the DSM-IV and DSM-5 constructs of animal and blood-injection-injury phobias but do not support the separation of agoraphobia from social phobia. The results also do not show a coherent genetic factor for the DSM-IV and DSM-5 situational phobia. Finally, the patterns of co-morbidity across individual fears and phobias produced by genetic and environmental influences differ appreciably.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291713003012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,2]],"date-time":"2014-01-02T13:32:19Z","timestamp":1388669539000},"page":"2375-2384","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for fears and phobias"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"E. K.","family":"Loken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"Hettema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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