{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:24:20Z","timestamp":1793039060537,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,24]],"date-time":"2014-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395619200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291714000610_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This research assesses whether multi-year treatment with antipsychotic medications reduces or eliminates psychosis in schizophrenia. It provides 20 years of longitudinal data on the frequency and severity of psychotic activity in samples of schizophrenia patients (SZ) treated<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>those not treated with antipsychotic medications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291714000610_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 139 early young schizophrenia and mood-disordered patients were assessed at index hospitalization and then reassessed six times over 20 years for psychosis and other major variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291714000610_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>At each follow-up assessment over the 20 years, a surprisingly high percentage of SZ treated with antipsychotics longitudinally had psychotic activity. More than 70% of SZ continuously prescribed antipsychotics experienced psychotic activity at four or more of six follow-up assessments over 20 years. Longitudinally, SZ not prescribed antipsychotics showed significantly less psychotic activity than those prescribed antipsychotics (<jats:italic>p\u00a0&lt;<\/jats:italic>\u00a00.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291714000610_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 20-year data indicate that, longitudinally, after the first few years, antipsychotic medications do not eliminate or reduce the frequency of psychosis in schizophrenia, or reduce the severity of post-acute psychosis, although it is difficult to reach unambiguous conclusions about the efficacy of treatment in purely naturalistic or observational research. Longitudinally, on the basis of their psychotic activity and the disruption of functioning, the condition of the majority of SZ prescribed antipsychotics for multiple years would raise questions as to how many of them are truly in remission.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291714000610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,25]],"date-time":"2014-03-25T02:22:45Z","timestamp":1395714165000},"page":"3007-3016","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Does treatment of schizophrenia with antipsychotic medications eliminate or reduce psychosis? A 20-year multi-follow-up study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Harrow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. H.","family":"Jobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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