{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:17:49Z","timestamp":1792084669453,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,24]],"date-time":"2014-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395619200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291714000658_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment for depression but the extent and persistence of cognitive side-effects remain uncertain. It has been reported that there is little evidence that impairments last longer than up to 15 days post-ECT. However, relatively few studies have followed patients for even as long as 1 month post-ECT. Here we report results from a brief cognitive battery given prior to ECT and repeated five times up to 6 months post-ECT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291714000658_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a retrospective case-note study of routinely collected clinical data 126 patients treated with ECT completed two neuropsychological tests [Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) spatial recognition memory (SRM) and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)] and two subjective reports of memory function, prior to ECT. Patients were reassessed following ECT and at 1, 3 and 6 months post-ECT although not all patients completed all assessments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291714000658_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Performance relative to pre-ECT baseline was significantly poorer at each post-ECT assessment up to 3 months post-ECT using the CANTAB SRM, but was improved at 6 months. Conversely, MMSE score showed improvements relative to baseline from 1 month post-ECT. Mood and subjective memory scores improved following ECT and were correlated with one another, but not with either neuropsychological measure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291714000658_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The CANTAB SRM task revealed reversible cognitive deficiencies relative to a pre-ECT baseline for at least 3 months following ECT, while MMSE score and patients' subjective reports showed only improvement. Visuospatial memory scores eventually exceeded baseline 6 months post-ECT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291714000658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,24]],"date-time":"2014-03-24T22:22:44Z","timestamp":1395699764000},"page":"2985-2994","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Detecting objective and subjective cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy: intensity, duration and test utility in a large clinical sample"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Fernie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. M.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Currie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. S.","family":"Perrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I. C.","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref21","volume-title":"SEAN Standards","year":"2010"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709991243"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.06.011"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200012000-00007"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210244000027"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210050117735"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.06.009"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199303253281204"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(94)00098-A"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200209000-00003"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00185-9"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2011.615863"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2007.08.005"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref10","unstructured":"Howell DC (2012) Treatment of Missing Data Part I (http:\/\/www.uvm.edu\/~dhowell\/StatPages\/More_Stuff\/Mixed-Models-Repeated\/Mixed-Models-for-Repeated-Measures1.html). Accessed 4 October 2013."},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.12.3.228"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref25","first-page":"791","article-title":"Memory complaint after electroconvulsive therapy: assessment with a new self-rating instrument","volume":"14","author":"Squire","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00048670601109881"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710001443"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0b013e31815ef24a"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0b013e3181616c26"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301180"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199109000-00002"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref18","volume-title":"The ECT Handbook","author":"Scott","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0b013e3181d77656"},{"key":"S0033291714000658_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200006000-00004"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291714000658","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,21]],"date-time":"2019-04-21T19:38:57Z","timestamp":1555875537000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291714000658\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,24]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291714000658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291714000658","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,24]]}}}