{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:43:12Z","timestamp":1780393392145,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,25]],"date-time":"2014-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398384000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291714000750_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Schizophrenia has a neurodevelopmental component to its origin, and may share overlapping pathogenic mechanisms with childhood neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs). Nevertheless, longitudinal studies of psychotic outcomes among individuals with NDs are limited. We report a population-based prospective study of six common childhood NDs, subsequent neurocognitive performance and the risk of psychotic experiences (PEs) in early adolescence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291714000750_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method.<\/jats:title><jats:p>PEs were assessed by semi-structured interviews at age 13 years. IQ and working memory were measured between ages 9 and 11 years. The presence of six NDs (autism spectrum, dyslexia, dyspraxia, dysgraphia, dysorthographia, dyscalculia) was determined from parent-completed questionnaires at age 9 years. Linear regression calculated the mean difference in cognitive scores between children with and without NDs. Associations between NDs and PEs were expressed as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs); effects of cognitive deficits were examined. Potential confounders included age, gender, father's social class, ethnicity and maternal education.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291714000750_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Out of 8220 children, 487 (5.9%) were reported to have NDs at age 9 years. Children with, compared with those without, NDs performed worse on all cognitive measures; the adjusted mean difference in total IQ was 6.84 (95% CI 5.00\u20138.69). The association between total IQ and NDs was linear (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001). The risk of PEs was higher in those with, compared with those without, NDs; the adjusted OR for definite PEs was 1.76 (95% CI 1.11\u20132.79). IQ (but not working memory) deficit partly explained this association.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291714000750_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Higher risk of PEs in early adolescence among individuals with childhood ND is consistent with the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291714000750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,25]],"date-time":"2014-04-25T08:21:36Z","timestamp":1398414096000},"page":"3229-3238","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["A population-based longitudinal study of childhood neurodevelopmental disorders, IQ and subsequent risk of psychotic experiences in adolescence"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"G. 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