{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:46:16Z","timestamp":1786999576769,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,25]],"date-time":"2014-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398384000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291714000981_sec_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is increasingly being applied to psychiatric conditions such as obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD), major depression and anorexia nervosa. Double-blind, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of active\n                      <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                      sham treatment have been limited to small numbers. We therefore undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of DBS in psychiatric conditions to maximize study power.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291714000981_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Method.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a systematic literature search for double-blind, RCTs of active\n                      <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                      sham treatment using Pubmed\/Medline and EMBASE up to April 2013. Where possible, we combined results from studies in a meta-analysis. We assessed differences in final values between the active and sham treatments for parallel-group studies and compared changes from baseline score for cross-over designs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291714000981_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Inclusion criteria were met by five studies, all of which were of OCD. Forty-four subjects provided data for the meta-analysis. The main outcome was a reduction in obsessive symptoms as measured by the Yale\u2013Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS). Patients on active, as opposed to sham, treatment had a significantly lower mean score [mean difference (MD) \u22128.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) \u221213.35 to \u22125.76,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001], representing partial remission. However, one-third of patients experienced significant adverse effects (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a016). There were no differences between the two groups in terms of other outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291714000981_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DBS may show promise for treatment-resistant OCD but there are insufficient randomized controlled data for other psychiatric conditions. DBS remains an experimental treatment in adults for severe, medically refractory conditions until further data are available.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291714000981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,25]],"date-time":"2014-04-25T04:21:26Z","timestamp":1398399686000},"page":"3533-3542","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Deep brain stimulation for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a systematic review and 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