{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T12:53:36Z","timestamp":1793710416713,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,28]],"date-time":"2014-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406505600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291714001342_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mothers' self-reported stroking of their infants over the first weeks of life modifies the association between prenatal depression and physiological and emotional reactivity at 7 months, consistent with animal studies of the effects of tactile stimulation. We now investigate whether the effects of maternal stroking persist to 2.5 years. Given animal and human evidence for sex differences in the effects of prenatal stress we compare associations in boys and girls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291714001342_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>From a general population sample of 1233 first-time mothers recruited at 20 weeks gestation we drew a random sample of 316 for assessment at 32 weeks, stratified by reported inter-partner psychological abuse, a risk indicator for child development. Of these mothers, 243 reported at 5 and 9 weeks how often they stroked their infants, and completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) at 2.5 years post-delivery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291714001342_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a significant interaction between prenatal anxiety and maternal stroking in the prediction of CBCL internalizing (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001) and anxious\/depressed scores (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). The effects were stronger in females than males, and the three-way interaction prenatal anxiety\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0maternal stroking\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0sex of infant was significant for internalizing symptoms (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.003). The interactions arose from an association between prenatal anxiety and internalizing symptoms only in the presence of low maternal stroking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291714001342_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings are consistent with stable epigenetic effects, many sex specific, reported in animal studies. While epigenetic mechanisms may be underlying the associations, it remains to be established whether stroking affects gene expression in humans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291714001342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,28]],"date-time":"2014-07-28T13:17:57Z","timestamp":1406553477000},"page":"269-283","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Maternal antenatal anxiety, postnatal stroking and emotional problems in children: outcomes predicted from pre- and postnatal programming hypotheses"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"H.","family":"Sharp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Hellier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Pickles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579406060275"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.9.1.47"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2011.588294"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01776.x"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.089334"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045446"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.3.2.6034"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref28a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.35.6.1399"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2011.02117.x"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00007"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145713000102"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-010-0113-9"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2006.09.003"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.01.003"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref35","first-page":"190","volume-title":"Biobehavioral Assessment of the Infant","author":"Rothbart","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579414000194"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200212000-00019"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00187"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01381.x"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.03.009"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref1","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA Preschool Forms and Profiles","author":"Achenbach","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.02.011"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301450"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.11.009"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00336.x"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2005.7.2\/mmeaney","article-title":"Environmental programming of stress responses through DNA methylation: life at the interface between a dynamic environment and a fixed genome","volume":"7","author":"Meaney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000335524"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.10.007"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.03.032"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-007-9339-4"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371005500705"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref29","volume-title":"The English Indices of Deprivation 2004 (revised). Report to the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister","author":"Noble","year":"2004"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01714.x"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.4.674"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.11.013"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.3.338"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2010.01969.x"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.02.021"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0018-506X(03)00159-4"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21480"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301283"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.39.2.189"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328007sem1304_1"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1402588"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref39","volume-title":"Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory","author":"Spielberger","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579411000241"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02371.x"},{"key":"S0033291714001342_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(96)00008-0"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291714001342","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T20:53:49Z","timestamp":1649796829000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291714001342\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,28]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291714001342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291714001342","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,28]]}}}