{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T16:59:54Z","timestamp":1758473994997},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,14]],"date-time":"2014-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415923200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291714002669_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>While cluster A personality disorders (PDs) have been shown to be moderately heritable, we know little about the temporal stability of these genetic risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291714002669_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Paranoid PD (PPD) and schizotypal PD (STPD) were assessed using the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality in 2793 young adult twins from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel at wave 1 and 2282 twins on average 10 years later at wave 2. Using the program Mx, we fitted a longitudinal latent factor model using the number of endorsed criteria for PPD and STPD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291714002669_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The stability over time of the criteria counts for PPD and STPD, estimated as polychoric correlations, were +0.34 and +0.40, respectively. The best-fit longitudinal model included only additive genetic and individual-specific environmental factors with parameter estimates constrained to equality across the two waves. The cross-wave genetic and individual-specific environmental correlations for a latent cluster A factor were estimated to equal +1.00 and +0.13, respectively. The cross-time correlations for genetic and environmental effects specific to the individual PDs were estimated at +1.00 and +0.16\u20130.20, respectively. We found that 68% and 71% of the temporal stability of PPD and STPD derived, respectively, from the effect of genetic factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291714002669_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Shared genetic risk factors for two of the cluster A PDs are highly stable in adults over a 10-year period while environmental risk factors are relatively transient. Over two-thirds of the long-term stability of the common cluster A PD liability can be attributed to genetic influences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291714002669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,14]],"date-time":"2014-11-14T11:05:51Z","timestamp":1415963151000},"page":"1531-1538","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A longitudinal twin study of cluster A personality disorders"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"K. S.","family":"Kendler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. H.","family":"Aggen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. C.","family":"Neale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. P.","family":"Knudsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. F.","family":"Krueger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Tambs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Czajkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Ystrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. E.","family":"\u00d8rstavik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Reichborn-Kjennerud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.12.2.158"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.34.3.510"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.10.1919"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2012.57"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019558"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.6.590"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.1995.9.4.346"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703007906"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015434"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.1944"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref23","volume-title":"Mx: Statistical Modeling","author":"Neale","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2000.102004265.x"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.10.1941"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2012.117"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(87)90026-5"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/136905202320906192"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2009.06.009"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.1992.6.1.1"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294359"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2000.16560"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2000.14.1.17"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-010-9401-x"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.29.1.96"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.66.4.722"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref28","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Personality Disorders","author":"Parnas","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(87)90030-4"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref29","volume-title":"Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality (SIDP-IV)","author":"Pfohl","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2012.00801.x"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.12.1438"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2007.00485.x"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706008609"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016478"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.114.4.494"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706009482"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000154842.26600.bd"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185637"},{"key":"S0033291714002669_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.9.6.858"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291714002669","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,21]],"date-time":"2019-04-21T01:23:38Z","timestamp":1555809818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291714002669\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,14]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291714002669"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291714002669","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,14]]}}}