{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T17:28:19Z","timestamp":1784914099322,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,17]],"date-time":"2015-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434499200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291715001063_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background.<\/jats:title><jats:p>In cross-sectional studies, cocaine users generally display elevated levels of self-reported and cognitive impulsivity. To what extent these impairments are stable<jats:italic>v.<\/jats:italic>variable markers of cocaine use disorder, and, thus, are pre-existing or drug-induced, has not yet been systematically investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291715001063_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method.<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a longitudinal study with cocaine users who changed or maintained their consumption intensity, measuring self-reported impulsivity with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), and cognitive impulsivity with the Rapid Visual Processing task (RVP), Iowa Gambling task (IGT), and Delay Discounting task (DD) at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. We assessed 48 psychostimulant-naive controls and 19 cocaine users with decreased, 19 users with increased, and 19 users with unchanged cocaine intake after 1 year as confirmed by hair analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291715001063_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results of linear multilevel modelling showed significant group \u00d7 time interactions for the BIS-11 total score and the IGT total card ratio.<jats:italic>Increasers<\/jats:italic>showed a trend for elevated scores, whereas<jats:italic>decreasers<\/jats:italic>exhibited reduced self-reported impulsivity scores within 1 year. Surprisingly,<jats:italic>increasers<\/jats:italic>\u2019 IGT performance was improved after 1 year, whereas<jats:italic>decreasers<\/jats:italic>\u2019 performance deteriorated. By contrast, neither RVP response bias B\u2033 nor DD total score showed substantial group \u00d7 time interactions. Importantly, BIS-11 and DD revealed strong test\u2013retest reliabilities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291715001063_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Self-reported impulsivity (BIS-11) and decision-making impulsivity (IGT) covary with changing cocaine use, whereas response bias and delay discounting remain largely unaffected. Thus, self-reported impulsivity and gambling decision-making were strongly state-dependent in a stimulant-using population and may be suitable to monitor treatment success, whereas delay of gratification was confirmed as a potential endophenotype of stimulant addiction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291715001063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,17]],"date-time":"2015-06-17T05:50:18Z","timestamp":1434520218000},"page":"3097-3110","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Changes in cocaine consumption are associated with fluctuations in self-reported impulsivity and gambling decision-making"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"L. M.","family":"Hulka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Vonmoos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. 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