{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T05:38:27Z","timestamp":1761975507817},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,25]],"date-time":"2016-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1453680000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291715002780_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Appraisals are suggested to play a determining role in the clinical outcome of psychotic experiences (PEs). We used experimental tasks that mimic PEs to investigate appraisals in individuals with PEs with and without a \u2018need-for-clinical-care\u2019, and psychosis patients whose symptoms have remitted. We predicted that patients would appraise the tasks as threatening regardless of current symptom level, while non-clinical and control groups would appraise them as non-threatening.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291715002780_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Appraisals following three anomalous experiences-inducing tasks [Telepath, Cards task, Virtual acoustic space paradigm (VASP)] were examined in 71 individuals: symptomatic (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 18) and remitted (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 16) psychosis patients; non-clinical group with PEs (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 16); controls without PEs (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 21).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291715002780_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>As predicted, symptomatic patients endorsed more threatening appraisals for all tasks than non-clinical and control groups, who did not differ from each other. However, remitted patients were less likely to endorse threatening appraisals of the Cards and Telepath than their symptomatic counterparts, although they did not differ in global ratings of how striking, threatening and distressing they found the tasks. Moreover, remitted participants endorsed more threatening appraisals of the Telepath and VASP than non-clinical participants, and of the VASP than controls. Remitted participants also rated all three tasks as globally more threatening than the non-clinical group and controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291715002780_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical outcome may not necessarily be driven by the presence of symptoms, with threatening appraisals of PEs representing a key factor. The remitted group's intermediate appraisal scores imply that the relationship between appraisal and clinical outcome is not straightforward, and potential mediating factors need to be determined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291715002780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,25]],"date-time":"2016-01-25T10:07:41Z","timestamp":1453716461000},"page":"1249-1263","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Appraisals of psychotic experiences: an experimental investigation of symptomatic, remitted and non-need-for-care individuals"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Underwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.114.3.494"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701003312"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref3","volume-title":"Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms","author":"Andreasen","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466505X29657"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62036-X"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.110.1.40"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arn020"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.191.51.s23"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(01)00106-4"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203807002","volume-title":"Understanding the New Statistics: Effect Sizes, Confidence Intervals, and Meta-Analysis","author":"Cumming","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.1.13"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt094"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.12.009"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(94)00132-C"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbr195"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.126953"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181f97c3d"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.2011.02011.x"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12036"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370505001403"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09084282.2010.499787"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs194"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708003814"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref42","article-title":"Clinical, socio-demographic, and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a \u201cneed-for-care\u201d","author":"Peters","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref47","unstructured":"Syntrillium Software Corporation (2003). Cool Edit Pro. Syntrillium Software Corporation: Phoenix, AZ."},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref46","volume-title":"The Camberwell Assessment of Need","author":"Slade","year":"1999"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465812000227"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref16","volume-title":"Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Psychosis: Theory and Practice","author":"Fowler","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref28","volume-title":"The Importance of Effect Magnitude. Handbook of Research Methods in Experimental Psychology","author":"Kirk","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31826b6eb4"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref51","volume-title":"Wechsler Test of Adult Reading: WTAR","author":"Wechsler","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.12.845"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1017\/S0767399X00003199","article-title":"Evaluation of positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia","volume":"2","author":"Andreasen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychiatrie et Psychobiologie"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001270200000"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.397557"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref5","first-page":"11","article-title":"The Psychosis Screening Questionnaire","volume":"5","author":"Bebbington","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref44","unstructured":"Romano J , Kromrey JD , Coraggio J , Skowronek J (2006). Appropriate statistics for ordinal level data: should we really be using t-test and Cohen's d for evaluating group differences on the NSSE and other surveys? Annual Meeting of the Florida Association of Institutional Research, 14\u201317 October 2006 (http:\/\/www.scribd.com\/doc\/45715000\/Appropriate-Statistics-for-Ordinal-Level-Data#scribd). Accessed December 2015."},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711001802"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.10.1453","article-title":"A multisite investigation of the reliability of the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms","volume":"151","author":"Mance","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-005-0586-6"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712001626"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465801003010"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.07.011"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref35","volume-title":"Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales","author":"Lovibond","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09m05797yel"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170700013X"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(02)00104-3"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref23","unstructured":"Hess MR , Kromrey JD (2004). Robust confidence intervals for effect sizes: a comparative study of Cohen's d and Cliff's delta under non-normality and heterogeneous variances. Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, 12\u201316 April 2004 (http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.487.8299&rep=rep1&type=pdf). Accessed December 2015."},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref43","first-page":"S186","article-title":"Exploring psychotic experiences in non-need for care populations: findings from the unique study (Unusual Experiences Enquiry Study)","volume":"41","author":"Peters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466506X123011"},{"key":"S0033291715002780_ref2","volume-title":"Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms","author":"Andreasen","year":"1983"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291715002780","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T10:06:01Z","timestamp":1600077961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291715002780\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,25]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291715002780"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291715002780","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,25]]}}}