{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T20:49:03Z","timestamp":1791146943467,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,20]],"date-time":"2016-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1453248000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291715002809_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Little is known about the predictive validity of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD). This longitudinal, community-based study examined associations of DMDD at the age of 6 years with psychiatric disorders, functional impairment, peer functioning and service use at the age of 9 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291715002809_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 473 children were assessed at the ages of 6 and 9 years. Child psychopathology and functional impairment were assessed at the age of 6 years with the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment with parents and at the age of 9 years with the Kiddie-Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) with parents and children. At the age of 9 years, mothers, fathers and youth completed the Child Depression Inventory (CDI) and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders, and teachers and K-SADS interviewers completed measures of peer functioning. Significant demographic covariates were included in all models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291715002809_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>DMDD at the age of 6 years predicted a current diagnosis of DMDD at the age of 9 years. DMDD at the age of 6 years also predicted current and lifetime depressive disorder and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at the age of 9 years, after controlling for all age 6 years psychiatric disorders. In addition, DMDD predicted depressive, ADHD and disruptive behavior disorder symptoms on the K-SADS, and maternal and paternal reports of depressive symptoms on the CDI, after controlling for the corresponding symptom scale at the age of 6 years. Last, DMDD at the age of 6 years predicted greater functional impairment, peer problems and educational support service use at the age of 9 years, after controlling for all psychiatric disorders at the age of 6 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291715002809_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children with DMDD are at high risk for impaired functioning across childhood, and this risk is not accounted for by co-morbid conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291715002809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,20]],"date-time":"2016-01-20T14:45:24Z","timestamp":1453301124000},"page":"1103-1114","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder at the age of 6 years and clinical and functional outcomes 3 years later"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"L. 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