{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:08:49Z","timestamp":1791230929806,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,16]],"date-time":"2016-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458086400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291716000362_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bullying victimization in childhood is associated with a broad array of serious mental health disturbances, including anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation and behavior. The key goal of this study was to evaluate whether bullying victimization is a true environmental risk factor for psychiatric disturbance using data from 145 bully-discordant monozygotic (MZ) juvenile twin pairs from the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development (VTSABD) and their follow-up into young adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291716000362_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since MZ twins share an identical genotype and familial environment, a higher rate of psychiatric disturbance in a bullied MZ twin compared to their non-bullied MZ co-twin would be evidence of an environmental impact of bullying victimization. Environmental correlations between being bullied and the different psychiatric traits were estimated by fitting structural equation models to the full sample of MZ and DZ twins (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 2824). Environmental associations were further explored using the longitudinal data on the bullying-discordant MZ twins.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291716000362_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Being bullied was associated with a wide range of psychiatric disorders in both children and young adults. The analysis of data on the MZ-discordant twins supports a genuine environmental impact of bullying victimization on childhood social anxiety [odds ratio (OR) 1.7], separation anxiety (OR 1.9), and young adult suicidal ideation (OR 1.3). There was a shared genetic influence on social anxiety and bullying victimization, consistent with social anxiety being both an antecedent and consequence of being bullied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291716000362_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bullying victimization in childhood is a significant environmental trauma and should be included in any mental health assessment of children and young adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291716000362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,16]],"date-time":"2016-03-16T11:14:47Z","timestamp":1458126887000},"page":"1875-1883","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Psychiatric outcomes of bullying victimization: a study of discordant monozygotic twins"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"J. 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P.","family":"York","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01614.x"},{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref19","volume-title":"Mx Statistical Modeling","author":"Neale","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2009.07.009"},{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1943-278X.2012.00101.x"},{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1323641111"},{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.01.024"},{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.07.014"},{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715000574"},{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22270"},{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref18","volume-title":"Bullying at School: What we Know and What we Can Do","author":"Olweus","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2007.53"},{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200001000-00015"},{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00055-3"},{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.42.6.1327"},{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref25","first-page":"76","article-title":"Heterogeneity among juvenile antisocial behaviours: findings from the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioural Development","volume":"194","author":"Silberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ciba Foundation Symposium"},{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref9","first-page":"419","article-title":"Adult psychiatric outcomes of bullying and being bullied by peers in childhood and adolescence","volume":"70","author":"Copeland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1215"},{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2006.04.010"},{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2704"},{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2010.12.005"},{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13101401"},{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref24","volume-title":"The SAS Software for Windows for the PC","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-009-9240-1"},{"key":"S0033291716000362_ref8","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control (2015). 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