{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:25:19Z","timestamp":1792441519886,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]],"date-time":"2017-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505088000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291717002550_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic early trauma alters children's stress reactivity and increases the prevalence of anxiety disorders; yet the neuroendocrine and immune mechanisms underpinning this effect are not fully clear. Animal studies indicate that the mother's physiology and behavior mediate offspring stress in a system-specific manner, but few studies tested this external-regulatory maternal role in human children exposed to chronic stress.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291717002550_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We followed a unique cohort of children exposed to continuous wartime trauma (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>= 177; exposed;<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>= 101, controls;<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>= 76). At 10 years, maternal and child's salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) and oxytocin (OT), biomarkers of the immune and affiliation systems, were assayed, maternal and child relational behaviors observed, mother and child underwent psychiatric diagnosis, and child anxiety symptoms assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291717002550_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>War-exposed mothers had higher s-IgA, lower OT, more anxiety symptoms, and their parenting was characterized by reduced sensitivity. Exposed children showed higher s-IgA, more anxiety disorders and post traumatic stress disorder, and more anxiety symptoms. Path analysis model defined three pathways by which maternal physiology and behavior impacted child anxiety; (a) increasing maternal s-IgA, which led to increased child s-IgA, augmenting child anxiety; (b) reducing maternal OT, which linked with diminished child OT and social repertoire; and (c) increasing maternal anxiety, which directly impacted child anxiety.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291717002550_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings, the first to measure immune and affiliation biomarkers in mothers and children, detail their unique and joint effects on children's anxiety in response to stress; highlight the relations between chronic stress, immune activation, and anxiety in children; and describe how processes of biobehavioral synchrony shape children's long-term adaptation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291717002550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]],"date-time":"2017-09-11T08:42:05Z","timestamp":1505119325000},"page":"1020-1033","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Maternal immune and affiliative biomarkers and sensitive parenting mediate the effects of chronic early trauma on child 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