{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:13:33Z","timestamp":1790712813475,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]],"date-time":"2017-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512950400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291717003373_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The possible role of glutamate in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression is of intense current interest. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) enables the detection of glutamate in the living human brain and meta-analyses of previous MRS studies in depressed patients have suggested that glutamate levels are decreased in anterior brain regions. Nevertheless, at conventional magnetic field strengths [1.5\u20133 Tesla (T)], it is difficult to separate glutamate from its metabolite and precursor, glutamine, with the two often being measured together as Glx. In contrast, MRS at 7 T allows clear spectral resolution of glutamate and glutamine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291717003373_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We studied 55 un-medicated depressed patients and 50 healthy controls who underwent MRS scanning at 7 T with voxels placed in anterior cingulate cortex, occipital cortex and putamen (PUT). Neurometabolites were calculated using the unsuppressed water signal as a reference.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291717003373_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with controls, depressed patients showed no significant difference in glutamate in any of the three voxels studied; however, glutamine concentrations in the patients were elevated by about 12% in the PUT (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291717003373_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The increase in glutamine in PUT is of interest in view of the postulated role of the basal ganglia in the neuropsychology of depression and is consistent with elevated activity in the descending cortical glutamatergic innervation to the PUT. The basal ganglia have rarely been the subject of MRS investigations in depressed patients and further MRS studies of these structures in depression are warranted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291717003373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]],"date-time":"2017-12-11T08:17:52Z","timestamp":1512980272000},"page":"1731-1737","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Brain glutamate in medication-free depressed patients: a proton MRS study at 7 Tesla"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Beata R.","family":"Godlewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Masaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann L.","family":"Sharpley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Cowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uzay E.","family":"Emir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291717003373_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1727"},{"key":"S0033291717003373_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1492(200005)13:3<129::AID-NBM619>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"S0033291717003373_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.698"},{"key":"S0033291717003373_ref37","unstructured":"Tk\u00e1\u010d, I (2008) Refinement of simulated basis set for LCModel analysis. 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