{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T02:26:24Z","timestamp":1790475984972,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,5]],"date-time":"2019-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562284800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291719001429_sec_a1\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compulsive behaviors in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have been related to impairment within the associative cortical-striatal system connecting the caudate and prefrontal cortex that underlies consciously-controlled goal-directed learning and behavior. However, little is known whether this impairment may serve as a biomarker for vulnerability to OCD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291719001429_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we employed Granger causality analysis (GCA) to measure effective connectivity (EC) in previously validated striatal sub-regions, including the caudate, putamen, and the nucleus accumbens, in 35 OCD patients, 35 unaffected first-degree relatives and 35 matched healthy controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291719001429_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both OCD patients and their first-degree relatives showed greater EC than controls between the left caudate and the orbital frontal cortex (OFC). Both OCD patients and their first-degree relatives showed lower EC than controls between the left caudate and lateral prefrontal cortex. These results are consistent with findings from task-related fMRI studies which found impairment in the goal-directed system in OCD patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291719001429_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The same changes in EC were present in both OCD patients and their unaffected first-degree relatives suggest that impairment in the goal-directed learning system may be a biomarker for OCD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291719001429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,5]],"date-time":"2019-07-05T07:26:23Z","timestamp":1562311583000},"page":"1490-1500","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Impairment in the goal-directed corticostriatal learning system as a biomarker for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Chenjie","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol A.","family":"Seger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongying","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuping","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ZiWen","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291719001429_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198411)40:6<1365::AID-JCLP2270400615>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"S0033291719001429_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2014-1518"},{"key":"S0033291719001429_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04218.x"},{"key":"S0033291719001429_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3068"},{"key":"S0033291719001429_ref47","first-page":"655","article-title":"Hypoactivation and dysconnectivity of a frontostriatal circuit during goal-directed planning as an endophenotype for obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"2","author":"Vaghi","year":"2017a","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"},{"key":"S0033291719001429_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2016.14.2.153"},{"key":"S0033291719001429_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22371"},{"key":"S0033291719001429_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.10.005"},{"key":"S0033291719001429_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2014.04.007"},{"key":"S0033291719001429_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2016.48"},{"key":"S0033291719001429_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1921-05.2005"},{"key":"S0033291719001429_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.09.005"},{"key":"S0033291719001429_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007"},{"key":"S0033291719001429_ref16","unstructured":"First, M , Spitzer, R , Miriam, G and Williams, J (2002) Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Non-patient version (SCID-I\/NP). 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