{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T00:22:50Z","timestamp":1793924570673,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291719001454_sec_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peripheral low-grade inflammation in depression is increasingly seen as a therapeutic target. We aimed to establish the prevalence of low-grade inflammation in depression, using different C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, through a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291719001454_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched the PubMed database from its inception to July 2018, and selected studies that assessed depression using a validated tool\/scale, and allowed the calculation of the proportion of patients with low-grade inflammation (CRP &gt;3 mg\/L) or elevated CRP (&gt;1 mg\/L).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291719001454_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After quality assessment, 37 studies comprising 13 541 depressed patients and 155 728 controls were included. Based on the meta-analysis of 30 studies, the prevalence of low-grade inflammation (CRP &gt;3 mg\/L) in depression was 27% (95% CI 21\u201334%); this prevalence was not associated with sample source (inpatient, outpatient or population-based), antidepressant treatment, participant age, BMI or ethnicity. Based on the meta-analysis of 17 studies of depression and matched healthy controls, the odds ratio for low-grade inflammation in depression was 1.46 (95% CI 1.22\u20131.75). The prevalence of elevated CRP (&gt;1 mg\/L) in depression was 58% (95% CI 47\u201369%), and the meta-analytic odds ratio for elevated CRP in depression compared with controls was 1.47 (95% CI 1.18\u20131.82).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291719001454_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>About a quarter of patients with depression show evidence of low-grade inflammation, and over half of patients show mildly elevated CRP levels. There are significant differences in the prevalence of low-grade inflammation between patients and matched healthy controls. These findings suggest that inflammation could be relevant to a large number of patients with depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291719001454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T07:39:14Z","timestamp":1561966754000},"page":"1958-1970","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":762,"title":["Prevalence of low-grade inflammation in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of CRP levels"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6239-5691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele Felice","family":"Osimo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke James","family":"Baxter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glyn","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter B.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Golam M.","family":"Khandaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00122-9"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2297"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.3.327"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881109102770"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050078"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu059"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m10267"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamapsychiatry.4"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032804"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708003723"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61931-4"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref60","article-title":"Prevalence of low-grade inflammation in depression: a review and meta-analysis of CRP data","author":"Osimo","year":"2018","journal-title":"PROSPERO"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2017.04.012"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.10.002"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref71","unstructured":"R Core Team (2017). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing [Software]. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi456"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2013.12.010"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.10.009"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717000745"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181907c1b"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60110-X"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001805"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.06.014"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref83","article-title":"Cairo: R graphics device using Cairo graphics library for creating high-quality bitmap (PNG, JPEG, TIFF), vector (PDF, SVG, PostScript) and display (X11 and Win32) output [Software]","author":"Urbanek","year":"2015","journal-title":"CRAN"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.06.010"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Treatment-resistant depression and peripheral C-reactive protein","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2018","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10265"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7255.199"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025333"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200201000-00008"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1332"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000246869.49892.77"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000052939.59093.45"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2006.06.009"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.87"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1972.01750190059011"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.76"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.206"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.04.051"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.04.013"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.06.046"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht462"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1611"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000160957"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.14010094"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(02)00255-5"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2011.10719977"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1220717"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(99)00134-7"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4645"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/286509"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.033"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl338"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2016.10.001"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000119332"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.02.003"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.10.036"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2017.1363285"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref42","article-title":"Shared mechanism between depression and coronary heart disease: findings from Mendelian randomization analysis of a large UK population-based cohort","author":"Khandaker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2003.027359"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00345946"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.05.004"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.22.2131"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamapsychiatry.102"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881118764022"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.4.409"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.105.011015"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.02.016"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq103"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01811-5"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2014.984755"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.111.5.343"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.02.031"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwarzer, G (2007) Meta\u2019: an R package for meta-analysis: R news, 7, 40\u201345.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.meta"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.06.001"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.09.033"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.1997.0238"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000053730.47739.3C"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.3"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.22"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.8.980"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.167"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref20","article-title":"What does plasma CRP tell us about peripheral and central inflammation in depression?","author":"Felger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21243-x"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.1111"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00380962"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.01.023"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.05.003"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-3919-9"},{"key":"S0033291719001454_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.02.056"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291719001454","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T09:03:13Z","timestamp":1721466193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291719001454\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291719001454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291719001454","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]}}}