{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T17:17:22Z","timestamp":1790443042869,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]],"date-time":"2019-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563753600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291719001727_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present paper provides an updated review of both the large number of new\/novel\/emerging psychoactive substances (NPS) and their associated psychopathological consequences. Focus was here given on identification of those NPS being commented in specialised online sources and the related short-\/long-term psychopathological and medical ill-health effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291719001727_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>NPS have been identified through an innovative crawling\/navigating software, called the \u2018NPS.Finder\u00ae\u2019, created in order to facilitate the process of early recognition of NPS online. A range of information regarding NPS, including chemical and street names; chemical formula; three-dimensional image and anecdotally reported clinical\/psychoactive effects, were here made available.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291719001727_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using the \u2018NPS.Finder\u00ae\u2019 approach, a few thousand NPS were here preliminarily identified, a number which is about 4-fold higher than those figures suggested by European and international drug agencies. NPS most commonly associated with the onset of psychopathological consequences included here synthetic cannabinoids\/cannabimimetics; new synthetic opioids; ketamine-like dissociatives; novel stimulants; novel psychedelics and several prescription and over-the-counter medicines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291719001727_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ever-increasing changes in terms of recreational psychotropics' availability represent a relatively new challenge for psychiatry, as the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of many NPS have not been thoroughly understood. Health\/mental health professionals should be informed about the range of NPS; their intake modalities; their psychoactive sought-after effects; the idiosyncratic psychotropics' combinations and finally, their medical and psychopathological risks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291719001727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]],"date-time":"2019-07-22T04:48:10Z","timestamp":1563770890000},"page":"30-42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["New\/emerging psychoactive substances and associated psychopathological consequences"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"F.","family":"Schifano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Napoletano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Chiappini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Guirguis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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