{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:59:52Z","timestamp":1768006792074,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]],"date-time":"2019-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567555200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291719002058_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Childhood disruptive behaviors are highly prevalent and associated with adverse long-term social and economic outcomes. Trajectories of welfare receipt in early adulthood and the association of childhood behaviors with high welfare receipt trajectories have not been examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291719002058_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Boys (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 1000) from low socioeconomic backgrounds were assessed by kindergarten teachers for inattention, hyperactivity, aggression, opposition, and prosociality, and prospectively followed up for 30 years. We used group-base trajectory modeling to estimate trajectories of welfare receipt from age 19\u201336 years using government tax return records, then examined the association between teacher-rated behaviors and trajectory group membership using mixed effects multinomial regression models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291719002058_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three trajectories of welfare receipt were identified: low (70.8%), declining (19.9%), and chronic (9.3%). The mean annual personal employment earnings (US$) for the three groups at age 35\/36 years was $36 500 (<jats:sc>s.d<\/jats:sc>. = $24 000), $15 600 (<jats:sc>s.d<\/jats:sc>. = $16 275), and $1700 (<jats:sc>s.d<\/jats:sc>. = $4800), respectively. Relative to the low welfare receipt group, a unit increase in inattention (mean = 2.64; <jats:sc>s.d<\/jats:sc>. = 2.32, range = 0\u20138) at age 6 was associated with an increased risk of being in the chronic group (relative risk ratio; RRR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.03\u20131.31) and in the declining group (RRR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.03\u20131.23), after adjustment for child IQ and family adversity, and independent of other behaviors. Family adversity was more strongly associated with trajectories of welfare receipt than any behavior.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291719002058_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Boys from disadvantaged backgrounds exhibiting high inattention in kindergarten are at elevated risk of chronic welfare receipt during adulthood. Screening and support for inattentive behaviors beginning in kindergarten could have long-term social and economic benefits for individuals and society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291719002058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]],"date-time":"2019-09-04T12:39:18Z","timestamp":1567600758000},"page":"2001-2009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Inattention in boys from low-income backgrounds predicts welfare receipt: a 30-year prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2277-6323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis","family":"Vergunst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard E.","family":"Tremblay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Nagin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cedric","family":"Galera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jungwee","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Beasley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yann","family":"Algan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Vitaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvana M.","family":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.102491"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.5375"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.6.1.18"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.87"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2009.01.001"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00911232"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref29","article-title":"Evaluating longitudinal invariance in dimensions of mental health across adolescence: an analysis of the social behavior questionnaire","author":"Murray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.01.039"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref22","first-page":"137","article-title":"Economic outcomes in adulthood and their associations with antisocial conduct, attention deficit and anxiety problems in childhood","volume":"14","author":"Knapp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-009-9413-0"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.6.2052"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/504455"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128898"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0003684042000174001"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.46.3.607"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref12","unstructured":"Government of Quebec (2018) Social Assistance and Social Solidarity Programs . Available at http:\/\/www4.gouv.qc.ca\/FR\/Portail\/Citoyens\/Evenements\/immigrer-au-quebec\/Pages\/programme-aide-sociale.aspx (Accced 10 June 2018)."},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01472.x"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref45","volume-title":"Measuring Intelligence and Achievement Motivation in Surveys: Final Report to the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Office of Economic Opportunity","author":"Veroff","year":"1971"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/spol.12065"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref8","unstructured":"Feinstein, L (2000) The relative economic importance of academic, psychological and behavioural attributes developed on childhood. Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK. ISBN 0753013584, pp. 1\u201327."},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref46","volume-title":"Childhood and Intergenerational Poverty: The Long-Term Consequences of Growing Up Poor","author":"Wagmiller","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30164-6"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-006-0511-1"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2657556"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/spol.12413"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1204529"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674041318"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12850"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-012-9610-2"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615569001"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.4226"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010076108"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.1326"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-010-9300-6"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.04.008"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.15"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref23","volume-title":"The Lorge-Thorndike Intelligence Test","author":"Lorge","year":"1950"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00536"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-618X.1987.tb00639.x"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302630"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-99"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref24","volume-title":"IQ and Human Intelligence","author":"Mackintosh","year":"2011"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03610926.2015.1134575"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1258-1"},{"key":"S0033291719002058_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10121732"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291719002058","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T09:08:29Z","timestamp":1601456909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291719002058\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291719002058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291719002058","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2019","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}