{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T14:01:30Z","timestamp":1789740090233,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,22]],"date-time":"2019-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571702400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291719002903_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is an emerging consensus in developmental psychopathology that irritable youth are at risk for developing internalizing problems later in life. The current study explored if irritability in youth is multifactorial and the impact of irritability dimensions on psychopathology outcomes in adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291719002903_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted exploratory factor analysis on irritability symptom items from a semi-structured diagnostic interview administered to a community sample of adolescents (ages 14\u201319; 42.7% male; 89.1% white). The analysis identified two factors corresponding to items from the mood disorders <jats:italic>v.<\/jats:italic> the oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) (Leibenluft and Stoddard) sections of the interview. These factors were then entered together into regression models predicting psychopathology assessed at age 24 (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 941) and again at age 30 (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 816). All models controlled for concurrent psychopathology in youth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291719002903_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The two irritability dimensions demonstrated different patterns of prospective relationships, with items from the ODD section primarily predicting externalizing psychopathology, items from the mood disorder sections predicting depression at age 24 but not 30, and both dimensions predicting borderline personality disorder symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291719002903_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results suggest that the current standard of extracting and compositing irritability symptom items from diagnostic interviews masks distinct dimensions of irritability with different psychopathological outcomes. Additionally, these findings add nuance to the prevailing notion that irritability in youth is specifically linked to later internalizing problems. Further investigation using more sensitive and multifaceted measures of irritability are needed to parse the meaning and clinical implications of these dimensions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291719002903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,22]],"date-time":"2019-10-22T09:39:28Z","timestamp":1571737168000},"page":"2759-2767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Dimensions of irritability in adolescents: longitudinal associations with psychopathology in adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Mariah T.","family":"Hawes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle A.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan C.","family":"Finsaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Olino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Seely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel N.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291719002903_ref23","first-page":"53","article-title":"Structural equation modeling: guidelines for determining model fit","volume":"6","author":"Hooper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods"},{"key":"S0033291719002903_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.05.008","article-title":"Normative irritability in youth: developmental findings from the Great Smoky Mountains Study","volume":"54","author":"Copeland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291719002903_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002809","article-title":"Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder at the age of 6 years and clinical and functional outcomes 3 years later","volume":"46","author":"Dougherty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"S0033291719002903_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2006.16.456","article-title":"Chronic versus episodic irritability in youth: a community-based, longitudinal study of clinical and diagnostic associations","volume":"16","author":"Leibenluft","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"S0033291719002903_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.05.016"},{"key":"S0033291719002903_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.02.010"},{"key":"S0033291719002903_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800180050009"},{"key":"S0033291719002903_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0473-3-17","article-title":"Purposeful selection of variables in logistic regression","volume":"3","author":"Bursac","year":"2008","journal-title":"Source code for Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"S0033291719002903_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02561.x"},{"key":"S0033291719002903_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-014-9908-3","article-title":"Irritable and defiant sub-dimensions of ODD: their stability and prediction of internalizing symptoms and conduct problems from adolescence to young adulthood","volume":"43","author":"Leadbeater","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"S0033291719002903_ref33","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n, BO and Muth\u00e9n, LK (2013\u20132017) Parallel analysis for categorical data. 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