{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:44:15Z","timestamp":1789094655977,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]],"date-time":"2020-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578355200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291719003696_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Whether the first-degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have an increased risk of the major psychiatric disorders, namely schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, OCD, major depressive disorder (MDD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), remains unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291719003696_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database with the whole population sample size (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 23 258 175), 89 500 FDRs, including parents, offspring, siblings, and twins, of patients with OCD were identified in our study. The relative risks (RRs) of major psychiatric disorders were assessed among FDRs of patients with OCD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291719003696_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>FDRs of patients with OCD had higher RRs of major psychiatric disorders, namely OCD (RR 8.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 7.68\u20138.57), bipolar disorder (RR 2.85, 95% CI 2.68\u20133.04), MDD (RR 2.67, 95% CI 2.58\u20132.76), ASD (RR 2.38, 95% CI 2.10\u20132.71), ADHD (RR 2.19, 95% CI 2.07\u20132.32), and schizophrenia (RR 1.97, 95% CI 1.86\u20132.09), compared with the total population. Different familial kinships of FDRs, such as parents, offspring, siblings, and twins consistently had increased risks for these disorders. In addition, a dose-dependent relationship was found between the numbers of OCD probands and the risk of each major psychiatric disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291719003696_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The FDRs, including parents, offspring, siblings, and twins, of patients with OCD have a higher risk of OCD, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, MDD, ADHD, and ASD. The familial co-aggregation of OCD with OCD and other major psychiatric disorders was existent in a dose-dependent manner. Given the increased risks of psychiatric disorders, medical practitioners should closely monitor the mental health of the FDRs of patients with OCD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291719003696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]],"date-time":"2020-01-07T10:10:40Z","timestamp":1578391840000},"page":"680-687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Familial coaggregation of major psychiatric disorders among first-degree relatives of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a nationwide 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