{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T17:52:38Z","timestamp":1764784358238},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]],"date-time":"2020-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579046400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291719004021_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Contrasting historical views represent the asylum as a manifestation of humanitarian and therapeutic progress or as an institution of social control designed to bolster the capitalist economic order. More extreme critics suggest it was used to incarcerate people exhibiting only political or social deviance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291719004021_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Case notes of 200 consecutive male and female admissions to the Essex County Asylum in 1904 were inspected. The nature of presentations was classified in contemporary terms into broad categories of disorder. Outcomes were identified and differences between men and women were explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291719004021_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found no evidence that patients were admitted without signs of significant mental and behavioural disturbance. In total, 44% of admissions had signs of an organic condition, and these were more frequent among men. Women were admitted at a faster rate and were 1.6 times more likely to have mania or a psychotic disorder. Overall, 45.5% of patients were discharged, with 62% of patients with non-organic disorders discharged recovered or improved.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291719004021_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evidence partially supports both views of the asylum. In line with other studies, there is no evidence that the asylum was used to incarcerate people who did not show significant signs of disorder, but it did provide care and containment for those who could not be accommodated elsewhere, including many with organic conditions. The asylum also had a therapeutic orientation, however, and encouraged discharge where possible. In contrast to some other studies, women were more likely to be institutionalised than men, possibly reflecting their greater economic dependency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291719004021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]],"date-time":"2020-01-15T09:47:28Z","timestamp":1579081648000},"page":"1140-1146","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The functions of an asylum: an analysis of male and female admissions to Essex County Asylum in 1904"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"Rehling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Moncrieff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref17","unstructured":"House Committee. (1901\u20131904). Essex County Lunatic Asylum House Committee Minute Book Number 16 (it was accessed in the National Records Office Kew, London)."},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X05052088"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref28","volume-title":"Women, madness and medicine","author":"Russell","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203335345"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700035236"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.183.4.292"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref10","unstructured":"Eloise, M. (2017). Why women were put in asylums in the 19th century. Dazed, 24th March 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2019, from https:\/\/www.dazeddigital.com\/artsandculture\/article\/35262\/1\/all-the-reasons-women-used-to-be-put-in-asylums."},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref24","first-page":"95","article-title":"Lunacy in the 19th century: Women's admission to asylums in United States of America","volume":"1","author":"Pouba","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oshkosh Scholar"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799002627"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.01.047"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.10.1409","article-title":"One hundred years of schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of the outcome literature","volume":"151","author":"Hegarty","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0038038594028001016"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/800085"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38296.611215.AE"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-2527(98)00023-5"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0264180100001016"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref31","volume-title":"The most solitary of afflictions: Madness and society in Britain 1700\u20131900","author":"Scull","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2010.514601"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X05044604"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref11","volume-title":"Madness and civilization: A history of insanity in the Age of reason","author":"Foucault","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref33","volume-title":"The female malady: Women, madness and English culture, 1830\u20131980","author":"Showalter","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717002768"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371205701007"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/978-1-137-46051-6"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X18822930"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.2125.816"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref16","first-page":"115","article-title":"The asylum treatment of insane","volume":"21","author":"Hollander","year":"1905","journal-title":"The Monthly Review"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref22","unstructured":"Nightingale, G. S. (1953). Warley Hospital, Brentwood. The first hundred years 1853\u20131953. Unpublished manuscript accessed at Essex Record Office, Chelmsford, Essex, UK."},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref34","unstructured":"The Commissioners in Lunacy (1894). Inspection report. Available in House Committee Minute Book of Essex County Lunatic Asylum, number 13 (accessed in the Essex record Office)."},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref6","volume-title":"Women and madness","author":"Chesler","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025727300019761"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700010990"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref32","volume-title":"A history of psychiatry: From the Era of the asylum to the Age of Prozac","author":"Shorter","year":"1997"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref29","unstructured":"Schmidt, M. , Wlhelmy, S. , & Gross, D. (2019). Retrospective diagnosis of mental illness: past and present. Lancet Psychiatry, published online 19th August 2019. doi: doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30287-1. Retrieved November 15, 2019, from https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lanpsy\/article\/PIIS2215-0366(19)30287-1\/fulltext."},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9780773598607","volume-title":"The moral mapping of Victorian and Edwardian London: Charles Booth, Christian charity, and the poor-but-respectable","author":"Gibson-Brydon","year":"2016"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref36","unstructured":"University of Cambridge. (2019). Populations past \u2013 atlas of Victorian and Edwardian population. Retrieved August 22, 2019, from https:\/\/www.populationspast.org\/sr\/1901\/#7\/53.035\/-2.895."},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref18","volume-title":"Asylums and after: A revised history of the mental health services: From the early 18th century to the 1990s","author":"Jones","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0033291719004021_ref23","volume-title":"A social history of madness","author":"Porter","year":"1987"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291719004021","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T12:51:46Z","timestamp":1697719906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291719004021\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291719004021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291719004021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2020","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}