{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:18:53Z","timestamp":1790738333525,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]],"date-time":"2020-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583107200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291720000203_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Goal-directed control guides optimal decision-making and it is an important cognitive faculty that protects against developing habits. Previous studies have found some evidence of goal-directed deficits when healthy individuals are stressed, and in psychiatric conditions characterised by compulsive behaviours and anxiety. Here, we tested if goal-directed control is affected by state anxiety, which might explain the former results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291720000203_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We carried out a causal test of this hypothesis in two experiments (between-subject <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 88; within-subject <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 50) that used the inhalation of hypercapnic gas (7.5% CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) to induce an acute state of anxiety in healthy volunteers. In a third experiment (N = 1413), we used a correlational design to test if real-life anxiety-provoking events (panic attacks, stressful events) are associated with impaired goal-directed control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291720000203_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the former two causal experiments, we induced a profoundly anxious state, both physiologically and psychologically, but this did not affect goal-directed performance. In the third, correlational, study, we found no evidence for an association between goal-directed control, panic attacks or stressful life eventsover and above variance accounted for by trait differences in compulsivity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291720000203_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In sum, three complementary experiments found no evidence that anxiety impairs goal-directed control in human subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291720000203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]],"date-time":"2020-03-02T08:23:53Z","timestamp":1583137433000},"page":"1467-1478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Experimentally induced and real-world anxiety have no demonstrable effect on goal-directed behaviour"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"C. 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