{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T02:16:06Z","timestamp":1793499366181,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583193600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S003329172000029X_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ethnic minority groups in Western countries face an increased risk of psychotic disorders. Causes of this long-standing public health inequality remain poorly understood. We investigated whether social disadvantage, linguistic distance and discrimination contributed to these patterns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S003329172000029X_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used case\u2013control data from the EUropean network of national schizophrenia networks studying Gene-Environment Interactions (EU-GEI) study, carried out in 16 centres in six countries. We recruited 1130 cases and 1497 population-based controls. Our main outcome measure was first-episode ICD-10 psychotic disorder (F20\u2013F33), and exposures were ethnicity (white majority, black, mixed, Asian, North-African, white minority and other), generational status, social disadvantage, linguistic distance and discrimination. Age, sex, paternal age, cannabis use, childhood trauma and parental history of psychosis were included as <jats:italic>a priori<\/jats:italic> confounders. Exposures and confounders were added sequentially to multivariable logistic models, following multiple imputation for missing data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S003329172000029X_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants from any ethnic minority background had crude excess odds of psychosis [odds ratio (OR) 2.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.69\u20132.43], which remained after adjustment for confounders (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.31\u20131.98). This was progressively attenuated following further adjustment for social disadvantage (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.22\u20131.89) and linguistic distance (OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.95\u20131.57), a pattern mirrored in several specific ethnic groups. Linguistic distance and social disadvantage had stronger effects for first- and later-generation groups, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S003329172000029X_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Social disadvantage and linguistic distance, two potential markers of sociocultural exclusion, were associated with increased odds of psychotic disorder, and adjusting for these led to equivocal risk between several ethnic minority groups and the white majority.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003329172000029x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T08:01:04Z","timestamp":1583222464000},"page":"1536-1548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Social disadvantage, linguistic distance, ethnic minority status and first-episode psychosis: results from the EU-GEI case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6346-5903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah E.","family":"Jongsma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Gayer-Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Tarricone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Velthorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Els","family":"van der Ven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Quattrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"di Forti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"EU-GEI WP2 Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo Rossi","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina Marta","family":"Del-Ben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celso","family":"Arango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Lasalvia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Berardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"La Cascia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Bobes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Sanju\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Luis","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Arrojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lieuwe","family":"de Haan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Tortelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Sz\u00f6ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin M.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart P.","family":"Rutten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jim","family":"van Os","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter B.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James B.","family":"Kirkbride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.175.3.283"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2010.02.1059"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq051"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032315-021402"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718003227"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref22","unstructured":"Harrison, E. , & Rose, D. (2006). The European Socio-economic Classification (ESeC) User Guide. Colchester, Essex."},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref55","volume-title":"Stata statistical software: Release 14","year":"2015"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3554"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.169.5.587"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.138578"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref1","volume-title":"Identity economics: How our identities shape our work, wages and well-being","author":"Akerlof","year":"2011"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135910539700200305"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref51","first-page":"287","article-title":"Biological mechanisms whereby social exclusion may contribute to the etiology of psychosis: A narrative review","volume":"43","author":"Selten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00048674.2010.509311"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.11.1304"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.3.250"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710001406"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000092678"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-008-0381-6"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12254"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30057-9"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.010"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119013563"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10683-016-9492-1"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00541-0"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.187.2.101"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.117.202606"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref64","first-page":"239","article-title":"A linguistic-based measure of cultural distance and its relationship to managerial values","volume":"44","author":"West","year":"2004","journal-title":"Management International Review; Third Quarter"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp006"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031660"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30078-0"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx010"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym085"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.167.2.193"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706008774"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30048-3"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2008.10.008"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.157.3.410"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3407-z"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref68","volume-title":"More than just race: Being black and poor in the inner city","author":"Wilson","year":"2010"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/migration\/mnv021"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2393"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.141420"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.041566"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719000035"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref38","volume-title":"MRC sociodemographic schedule","author":"Mallett","year":"1997"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.11.1250"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S003329172000029X_ref56.1","unstructured":"Statistics Netherlands (2018). StatLine - Welvaart van particuliere huishoudens"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S003329172000029X_ref56.2","unstructured":"kerncijfers. Retrieved July 30, 2018, from https:\/\/opendata.cbs.nl\/statline\/#\/CBS\/nl\/dataset\/83739NED\/table?ts=1532517736257."},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Emigration and insanity","volume":"4","author":"\u00d8degaard","year":"1932","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Neurologica Scandinavica (Suppl.)"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref17","first-page":"293","article-title":"Elevated striatal dopamine function in immigrants and their children: A risk mechanism for psychosis","volume":"43","author":"Egerton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref14","unstructured":"Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2017). International migration report 2017. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/development\/desa\/population\/migration\/publications\/migrationreport\/migreport.asp."},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.ep10934605"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref46","unstructured":"NIHM Center for Collaborative Genomics Research on Mental Disorders (2017). NIMH genetics \u2013 FIGS. Retrieved July 21, 2017, from NIHM Repository and Genomics Resource website: https:\/\/www.nimhgenetics.org\/interviews\/figs\/."},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708004534"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.1937"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0038038513481128"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref49","unstructured":"Public Health England, & UCL Institute of Health Equity (2017). Psychosocial pathways and health outcomes: Informing action on health inequalities. Retrieved from www.gov.uk\/phe."},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.116.193342"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref58","first-page":"1109","article-title":"Different rates of first admissions for psychosis in migrant groups in Paris","volume":"49","author":"Tortelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref39","volume-title":"The health gap","author":"Marmot","year":"2015"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1325"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref41","volume-title":"Fair Society, Healthy Lives.","author":"Marmot","year":"2010"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref66","first-page":"268","volume-title":"A handbook for the study of mental health","author":"Williams","year":"2017"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0141987032000109087"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16010103"},{"key":"S003329172000029X_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03610926.2015.1006778"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S003329172000029X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T10:14:23Z","timestamp":1635329663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S003329172000029X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S003329172000029X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s003329172000029x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}