{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T03:26:34Z","timestamp":1792293994489,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584403200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291720000495_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a prevalent mental disorder diagnosed in childhood and adolescence. Theories regarding brain development and SAD suggest a close link between neurodevelopmental dysfunction at the adolescent juncture and SAD, but direct evidence is rare. This study aims to examine brain structural abnormalities in adolescents with SAD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291720000495_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>High-resolution T1-weighted images were obtained from 31 adolescents with SAD (15\u201317 years) and 42 matching healthy controls (HC). We evaluated symptom severity with the Social Anxiety Scale for Children (SASC) and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). We used voxel-based morphometry analysis to detect regional gray matter volume abnormalities and structural co-variance analysis to investigate inter-regional coordination patterns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291720000495_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found significantly higher gray matter volume in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the insula in adolescents with SAD compared to HC. We also observed significant co-variance of the gray matter volume between the OFC and amygdala, and the OFC and insula in HC, but these co-variance relationships diminished in SAD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291720000495_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings provide the first evidence that the brain structural deficits in adolescents with SAD are not only in the core regions of the fronto-limbic system, but also represented by the diminished coordination in the development of these regions. The delayed and unsynchronized development pattern of the fronto-limbic system supports SAD as an adolescent-sensitive developmental mental disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291720000495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T06:12:25Z","timestamp":1584425545000},"page":"1742-1751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Altered gray matter volume and structural co-variance in adolescents with social anxiety disorder: evidence for a delayed and unsynchronized development of the fronto-limbic 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