{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T17:47:45Z","timestamp":1778694465506,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595203200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291720002433_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Psychosis, and in particular auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs), are associated with adversity exposure. However, AVHs also occur in populations with no need for care or distress.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291720002433_sec_a2\"><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigated whether adversity exposure would differentiate clinical and healthy voice-hearers within the context of a \u2018three-hit\u2019 model of vulnerability and stress exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291720002433_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Samples of 57 clinical and 45 healthy voice-hearers were compared on the three \u2018hits\u2019: familial risk; adversity exposure in childhood and in adolescence\/adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291720002433_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical voice-hearers showed greater familial risk than healthy voice-hearers, with more family members with a history of psychosis, but not with other mental disorders. The two groups did not differ in their exposure to adversity in childhood [sexual and non-sexual, victimisation; discrimination and socio-economic status (SES)]. Contrary to expectations, clinical voice-hearers did not differ from healthy voice-hearers in their exposure to victimisation (sexual\/non-sexual) and discrimination in adolescence\/adulthood, but reported more cannabis and substance misuse, and lower SES.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291720002433_sec_a5\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current study found no evidence that clinical and healthy voice-hearers differ in lifetime victimisation exposure, suggesting victimisation may be linked to the emergence of AVHs generally, rather than need-for-care. Familial risk, substance misuse and lower SES may be additional risk factors involved in the emergence of need-for-care and distress.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291720002433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T10:17:13Z","timestamp":1595240233000},"page":"1944-1950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Need for care, adversity exposure and perceived stress in clinical and healthy voice-hearers"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0272-8324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Baumeister","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippa","family":"Garety","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Charalambides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Chadwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Howes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv190","article-title":"Stress sensitivity, aberrant salience, and threat anticipation in early psychosis: An experience sampling study","volume":"42","author":"Reininghaus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12236","article-title":"Prevalence of auditory verbal hallucinations in a general population: A group comparison study","volume":"56","author":"Kr\u00e5kvik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712000761","article-title":"Childhood trauma and auditory verbal hallucinations","volume":"42","author":"Daalman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579409000042","article-title":"Stress response and the adolescent transition: Performance versus peer rejection stressors","volume":"21","author":"Stroud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.12.1137","article-title":"Emotional reactivity to daily life stress in psychosis","volume":"58","author":"Myin-Germeys","year":"2001","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01570.x","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and early onset of cannabis use","volume":"101","author":"Huizink","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref13","unstructured":"IBM Corp. Released (2015). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0. 2015."},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.10.010","article-title":"Auditory verbal hallucinations and continuum models of psychosis: A systematic review of the healthy voice-hearer literature","volume":"51","author":"Baumeister","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721413486971","article-title":"The teenage brain","volume":"22","author":"Casey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.167.5.589","article-title":"The Camberwell assessment of need: The validity and reliability of an instrument to assess the needs of people with severe mental illness","volume":"167","author":"Phelan","year":"1995","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170700253X","article-title":"The relationship between trauma and beliefs about hearing voices: A study of psychiatric and non-psychiatric voice hearers","volume":"38","author":"Andrew","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.5","article-title":"Cannabis use and earlier onset of psychosis: A systematic meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Large","year":"2011","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref33","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"Tabachnick","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.07.025","article-title":"Heart rate variability and vagal tone in schizophrenia: A review","volume":"69","author":"Montaquila","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/1359786810385491","article-title":"A systematic review of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in schizophrenia: Implications for mortality","volume":"24","author":"Bradley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn130","article-title":"Healthy individuals with auditory verbal hallucinations; Who are they? Psychiatric assessments of a selected sample of 103 subjects","volume":"36","author":"Sommer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm032","article-title":"Socioeconomic status at birth is associated with risk of schizophrenia: Population-based multilevel study","volume":"33","author":"Werner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.07.014","article-title":"The role of genes, stress and dopamine in the development of schizophrenia","volume":"81","author":"Howes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref6","first-page":"31","volume-title":"The Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology. The Social Psychology of Health","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref14","unstructured":"JASP Team (2016). JASP (Version 0.8.0.1)."},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-1882.2006.tb00100.x","article-title":"Further psychometric support for the 10-item version of the perceived stress scale","volume":"9","author":"Roberti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of College Counseling"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476572","article-title":"Bayes Factors","volume":"90","author":"Kass","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckq083","article-title":"Influence of early life factors on social inequalities in psychiatric outcomes among young adult Norwegian men","volume":"20","author":"Kristensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs050","article-title":"Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: A meta-analysis of patient-control, prospective-and cross-sectional cohort studies","volume":"38","author":"Varese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.06.008","article-title":"The three-hit concept of vulnerability and resilience: Toward understanding adaptation to early-life adversity outcome","volume":"38","author":"Daskalakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref1","volume-title":"Scale for the assessment of positive symptoms","author":"Andreasen","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2010.01594.x","article-title":"Childhood trauma and increased stress sensitivity in psychosis","volume":"123","author":"Lardinois","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw003","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the association between the level of Cannabis use and risk of psychosis","volume":"42","author":"Marconi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym085","article-title":"Discrimination and the incidence of psychotic disorders among ethnic minorities in The Netherlands","volume":"36","author":"Veling","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S255","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu005","article-title":"Auditory verbal hallucinations in persons with and without a need for care","volume":"40","author":"Johns","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20301","article-title":"Clinical, socio-demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a \u2018need for care\u2019","volume":"15","author":"Peters","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12058","article-title":"Perceived discrimination in those at clinical high risk for psychosis","volume":"8","author":"Saleem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Early Intervention in Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30409-1","article-title":"Clinical relevance of appraisals of persistent psychotic experiences in people with and without a need for care: An experimental study","volume":"4","author":"Peters","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.115972","article-title":"FKBP5 As a possible moderator of the psychosis-inducing effects of childhood trauma","volume":"202","author":"Collip","year":"2013","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465809005244","article-title":"Avoiding false negatives: Are some auditory hallucinations an evolved design flaw?","volume":"37","author":"Dodgson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000158","article-title":"Major discriminatory events and risk for psychotic experiences among Black Americans","volume":"86","author":"Oh","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291720002433_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu167","article-title":"Cortical thickness in individuals with non-clinical and clinical psychotic symptoms","volume":"137","author":"Van Lutterveld","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291721000696","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595203200000}}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291720002433","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T11:10:56Z","timestamp":1629457856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291720002433\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291720002433"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291720002433","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/S0033291721000696","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}