{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T22:33:51Z","timestamp":1793658831122,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599436800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291720002895_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an important consideration during the diagnostic work-up of secondary mental disorders. Indeed, isolated psychiatric syndromes have been described in case reports of patients with underlying AE. Therefore, the authors performed a systematic literature review of published cases with AE that have predominant psychiatric\/neurocognitive manifestations. The aim of this paper is to present the clinical characteristics of these patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291720002895_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors conducted a systematic Medline search via Ovid, looking for case reports\/series of AEs with antineuronal autoantibodies (Abs) against cell surface\/intracellular antigens combined with predominant psychiatric\/neurocognitive syndromes. The same was done for patients with Hashimoto encephalopathy\/SREAT. Only patients with signs of immunological brain involvement or tumors in their diagnostic investigations or improvement under immunomodulatory drugs were included.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291720002895_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified 145 patients with AE mimicking predominant psychiatric\/neurocognitive syndromes. Of these cases, 64% were female, and the mean age among all patients was 43.9 (\u00b122.1) years. Most of the patients had Abs against neuronal cell surface antigens (55%), most frequently against the NMDA-receptor (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>= 46). Amnestic\/dementia-like (39%) and schizophreniform (34%) syndromes were the most frequently reported. Cerebrospinal fluid changes were found in 78%, electroencephalography abnormalities in 61%, and magnetic resonance imaging pathologies in 51% of the patients. Immunomodulatory treatment was performed in 87% of the cases, and 94% of the patients responded to treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291720002895_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings indicate that AEs can mimic predominant psychiatric and neurocognitive disorders, such as schizophreniform psychoses or neurodegenerative dementia, and that affected patients can be treated successfully with immunomodulatory drugs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291720002895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T06:18:22Z","timestamp":1599459502000},"page":"1135-1146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Autoantibody-associated psychiatric syndromes: a systematic literature review resulting in 145 cases"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7322-1195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique","family":"Endres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktoria","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Leypoldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus-Peter","family":"Wandinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belinda","family":"Lennox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Pollak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Nickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Feige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Domschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Pr\u00fcss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Bechter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick","family":"Dersch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludger","family":"Tebartz van Elst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17433\/978-3-17-023842-8","volume-title":"Epilepsie und Psyche: Psychische St\u00f6rungen bei Epilepsie \u2013 Epileptische Ph\u00e4nomene in der Psychiatrie","author":"Tebartz van Elst","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21050"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.03.034"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1708712"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00393-014-1357-4"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003414"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00025"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01086"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-314758"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00181"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-019-0735-1"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182698cd8"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-301237"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-014-4030-x"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09101547"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.3216"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12795"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70310-1"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30290-1"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-012-3606-6"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.12.020"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1067-y"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-014-1374-y"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.2.164"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.04.041"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-102941","article-title":"Depressionen und Ppsychosen bei immunologischen Enzephalopathien","volume":"9","author":"Tebartz van Elst","year":"2015","journal-title":"PSYCH up2date"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.25"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.06.015"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12553"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17433\/978-3-17-031259-3","volume-title":"Vom Anfang und Ende der Schizophrenie: Eine neuropsychiatrische Perspektive auf das Schizophrenie-Konzept","author":"Tebartz van Elst","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-313000"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00054"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww208"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157340011797183184"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-016-0235-5"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30244-3"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.018"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.912389"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-019-0700-z"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.4103\/jnrp.jnrp_440_16","article-title":"Psychiatric presentations heralding Hashimoto's encephalopathy: A systematic review and analysis of cases reported in literature","volume":"8","author":"Menon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073813501875"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.2.197"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003173"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2016.12.1.1"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.007"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nou030"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-018-0723-8"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70253-2"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002637"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00013"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.09.008"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.23.1.90"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003592"},{"key":"S0033291720002895_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00010.2016"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291720002895","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T22:52:01Z","timestamp":1696632721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291720002895\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291720002895"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291720002895","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}