{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:59:25Z","timestamp":1789502365744,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603238400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291720003657_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A possible role of vitamin D in the pathophysiology of depression is currently speculative, with more rigorous research needed to assess this association in large adult populations. The current study assesses prospective associations between vitamin D status and depression in middle-aged adults enrolled in the UK Biobank.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291720003657_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We assessed prospective associations between vitamin D status at the baseline assessment (2006\u20132010) and depression measured at the follow-up assessment (2016) in 139 128 adults registered with the UK Biobank.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291720003657_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Amongst participants with no depression at baseline (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 127 244), logistic regression revealed that those with vitamin D insufficiency [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07\u20131.22] and those with vitamin D deficiency (aOR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.13\u20131.36) were more likely to develop new-onset depression at follow-up compared with those with optimal vitamin D levels after adjustment for a wide range of relevant covariates. Similar prospective associations were reported for those with depression at baseline (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 11 884) (insufficiency: aOR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.00\u20131.23; deficiency: aOR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.13\u20131.50).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291720003657_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prospective associations found between vitamin D status and depression suggest that both vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency might be risk factors for the development of new-onset depression in middle-aged adults. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency (and to a lesser extent insufficiency) might be a predictor of sustained depressive symptoms in those who are already depressed. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency is very common, meaning that these findings have significant implications for public health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291720003657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T07:48:46Z","timestamp":1603266526000},"page":"1866-1874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Prospective associations between vitamin D and depression in middle-aged adults: findings from the UK Biobank cohort"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8369-9168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Ronaldson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Arias de la Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Gaughran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Bakolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephani L.","family":"Hatch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Hotopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandru","family":"Dregan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291720003657_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0047279400020341"},{"key":"S0033291720003657_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.17111194"},{"key":"S0033291720003657_ref29","article-title":"Accuracy of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for screening to detect major depression: Individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"365","author":"Levis","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"S0033291720003657_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2607"},{"key":"S0033291720003657_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1711"},{"key":"S0033291720003657_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2013.02.004"},{"key":"S0033291720003657_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214676"},{"key":"S0033291720003657_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_160_19"},{"key":"S0033291720003657_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12689"},{"key":"S0033291720003657_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.04.004"},{"key":"S0033291720003657_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(13)71003-X"},{"key":"S0033291720003657_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2015.01.016"},{"key":"S0033291720003657_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2015.06.012"},{"key":"S0033291720003657_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60240-2"},{"key":"S0033291720003657_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2017-0072"},{"key":"S0033291720003657_ref27","first-page":"3713","article-title":"The dependency of vitamin D status on body mass index, gender, age and season","volume":"29","author":"Lagunova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anticancer Research"},{"key":"S0033291720003657_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2019.100"},{"key":"S0033291720003657_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2010.03.017"},{"key":"S0033291720003657_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bja.2019.10"},{"key":"S0033291720003657_ref48","unstructured":"SACN. 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