{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T23:01:41Z","timestamp":1793142101892,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604448000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S003329172000389X_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Scientific interest in the therapeutic effects of classical psychedelics has increased in the past two decades. The psychological effects of these substances outside the period of acute intoxication have not been fully characterized. This study aimed to: (1) quantify the effects of psilocybin, ayahuasca, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on psychological outcomes in the post-acute period; (2) test moderators of these effects; and (3) evaluate adverse effects and risk of bias.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S003329172000389X_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies (single-group pre-post or randomized controlled trials) that involved administration of psilocybin, ayahuasca, or LSD to clinical or non-clinical samples and assessed psychological outcomes \u2a7e24 h post-administration. Effects were summarized by study design, timepoint, and outcome domain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S003329172000389X_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 34 studies (24 unique samples,<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 549, mean longest follow-up = 55.34 weeks) were included. Classical psychedelics showed significant within-group pre-post and between-group placebo-controlled effects on a range of outcomes including targeted symptoms within psychiatric samples, negative and positive affect-related measures, social outcomes, and existential\/spiritual outcomes, with large between-group effect in these domains (Hedges'<jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>s = 0.84 to 1.08). Moderator tests suggest some effects may be larger in clinical samples. Evidence of effects on big five personality traits and mindfulness was weak. There was no evidence of post-acute adverse effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S003329172000389X_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>High risk of bias in several domains, heterogeneity across studies, and indications of publication bias for some models highlight the need for careful, large-scale, placebo-controlled randomized trials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003329172000389x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T08:34:59Z","timestamp":1604478899000},"page":"2655-2666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Post-acute psychological effects of classical serotonergic psychedelics: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6888-0126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon B.","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Shechet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Nicholas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi Wing","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geetanjali","family":"Deole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuofan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles L.","family":"Raison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S003329172000389X_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114548296","article-title":"Pilot study of the 5-HT2AR agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction","volume":"28","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"S003329172000389X_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30065-7","article-title":"Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: An open-label feasibility study","volume":"3","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"S003329172000389X_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881117731279","article-title":"Psilocybin-occasioned mystical-type experience in combination with meditation and other spiritual practices produces enduring positive changes in psychological functioning and in trait measures of prosocial attitudes and behaviors","volume":"32","author":"Griffiths","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"S003329172000389X_ref55","first-page":"1300","article-title":"Matching alcoholism treatments to client heterogeneity: Project MATCH three-year drinking outcomes","volume":"22","year":"1998","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"key":"S003329172000389X_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3530","article-title":"Effects of schedule I drug laws on neuroscience research and treatment innovation","volume":"14","author":"Nutt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"S003329172000389X_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000467","article-title":"How do psychedelics work?","volume":"32","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychiatry"},{"key":"S003329172000389X_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.05.019","article-title":"Acute subjective and behavioral effects of microdoses of lysergic acid diethylamide in healthy human volunteers","volume":"86","author":"Bershad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"S003329172000389X_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2018.1482261","article-title":"Therapeutic use of classic psychedelics to treat cancer-related psychiatric distress","volume":"30","author":"Ross","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Review of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S003329172000389X_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19010035","article-title":"Psychedelics and psychedelic- assisted psychotherapy","volume":"177","author":"Reiff","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S003329172000389X_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3102\/1076998609346961","article-title":"How many studies do you need? 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