{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T04:13:04Z","timestamp":1759032784675,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721000283_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cognitive therapies are developed on the principle that specific cognitive appraisals are key determinants in the development and maintenance of mental health disorders. It is likely that particular appraisals of the coronavirus pandemic will have explanatory power for subsequent mental health outcomes in the general public. To enable testing of this hypothesis we developed a questionnaire assessing coronavirus-related cognitions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721000283_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>12 285 participants completed online a 46-item pool of cognitions about coronavirus and six measures of different mental health problems. The sample was randomly split into derivation and validation samples. Exploratory factor analyses determined the factor structure, selection of items, and model fit in the derivation sample. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) then tested this model in the validation sample. Associations of the questionnaire with mental health outcomes were examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721000283_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 26-item, seven-factor, Oxford Psychological Investigation of Coronavirus Questionnaire [TOPIC-Q] was developed. CFA demonstrated a good model fit (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 2108.43, df = 278, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.950, Tucker\u2212Lewis index (TLI) = 0.942, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.033, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.038). The factors were: cognitions about (1) safety and vulnerability, (2) negative long-term impact, (3) having the virus, (4) spreading the virus, (5) social judgment, (6) negative self, and (7) being targeted. The questionnaire explained significant variance in depression (45.8%), social anxiety (37.3%), agoraphobia (23.2%), paranoia (27.3%), post-traumatic stress disorder (57.1%), and panic disorder (31.4%). Cognitions about negative long-term impact had the greatest explanatory power across disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721000283_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>TOPIC-Q provides a method to assess appraisals of the pandemic, which is likely to prove helpful both in longitudinal studies assessing mental health outcomes and in delivery of psychological therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291721000283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T07:27:17Z","timestamp":1611300437000},"page":"3550-3559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Catastrophic cognitions about coronavirus: the Oxford psychological investigation of coronavirus questionnaire [TOPIC-Q]"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4583-8435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laina","family":"Rosebrock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7275-6144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"\u010cernis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9543-8109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sin\u00e9ad","family":"Lambe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2749-1386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felicity","family":"Waite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7375-9489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Rek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ariane","family":"Petit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8742-0192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anke","family":"Ehlers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8173-6022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2541-2197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291721000283_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"S0033291721000283_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000254"},{"key":"S0033291721000283_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(85)90140-8"},{"key":"S0033291721000283_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2020.15"},{"key":"S0033291721000283_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.028"},{"volume-title":"Psych: Procedures for personality and psychological research","year":"2019","author":"Revelle","key":"S0033291721000283_ref17"},{"key":"S0033291721000283_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-012-9476-1"},{"volume-title":"Cognitive therapy of depression","year":"1979","author":"Beck","key":"S0033291721000283_ref2"},{"key":"S0033291721000283_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719003155"},{"key":"S0033291721000283_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.176.4.379"},{"key":"S0033291721000283_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00123-0"},{"key":"S0033291721000283_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/2xadq"},{"key":"S0033291721000283_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30308-4"},{"key":"S0033291721000283_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.048"},{"key":"S0033291721000283_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"S0033291721000283_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799001452"},{"key":"S0033291721000283_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.045"},{"key":"S0033291721000283_ref23","unstructured":"Weathers, F. 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