{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T06:59:57Z","timestamp":1778137197220,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622764800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291721000830_sec_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are commonly reported co-occurring mental health consequences of psychological trauma exposure. The disorders have high genetic overlap. Trauma is a complex phenotype but research suggests that trauma sensitivity has a heritable basis. We investigated whether sensitivity to trauma in those with MDD reflects a similar genetic component in those with PTSD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291721000830_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Genetic correlations between PTSD and MDD in individuals reporting trauma and MDD in individuals not reporting trauma were estimated, as well as with recurrent MDD and single-episode MDD, using genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics. Genetic correlations were replicated using PTSD data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and the Million Veteran Program. Polygenic risk scores were generated in UK Biobank participants who met the criteria for lifetime MDD (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 29 471). We investigated whether genetic loading for PTSD was associated with reporting trauma in these individuals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291721000830_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Genetic loading for PTSD was significantly associated with reporting trauma in individuals with MDD [OR 1.04 (95% CI 1.01\u20131.07), Empirical-\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02]. PTSD was significantly more genetically correlated with recurrent MDD than with MDD in individuals not reporting trauma (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>g<\/jats:sub>\n                      differences = ~0.2,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.008). Participants who had experienced recurrent MDD reported significantly higher rates of trauma than participants who had experienced single-episode MDD (\u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      &gt; 166,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001)\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291721000830_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings point towards the existence of genetic variants associated with trauma sensitivity that might be shared between PTSD and MDD, although replication with better powered GWAS is needed. Our findings corroborate previous research highlighting trauma exposure as a key risk factor for recurrent MDD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291721000830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T05:05:44Z","timestamp":1622783144000},"page":"3975-3984","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Psychological trauma and the genetic overlap between posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5513-8902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Mundy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1267-8287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"H\u00fcbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Gelernter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Levey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0829-0519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin M.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7619-349X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"Skelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9564-2871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murray B.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Million Veteran Program, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6363-0438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Vassos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2053-1792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerome","family":"Breen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6759-0944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan R. 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Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}