{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:26:00Z","timestamp":1792121160152,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721002154_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Little is known about the neural correlates of dissociative amnesia, a transdiagnostic symptom mostly present in the dissociative disorders and core characteristic of dissociative identity disorder (DID). Given the vital role of the hippocampus in memory, a prime candidate for investigation is whether total and\/or subfield hippocampal volume can serve as biological markers of dissociative amnesia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721002154_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 75 women, 32 with DID and 43 matched healthy controls (HC), underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Using Freesurfer (version 6.0), volumes were extracted for bilateral global hippocampus, cornu ammonis (CA) 1\u20134, the granule cell molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (GC-ML-DG), fimbria, hippocampal\u2212amygdaloid transition area (HATA), parasubiculum, presubiculum and subiculum. Analyses of covariance showed volumetric differences between DID and HC. Partial correlations exhibited relationships between the three factors of the dissociative experience scale scores (dissociative amnesia, absorption, depersonalisation\/derealisation) and traumatisation measures with hippocampal global and subfield volumes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721002154_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hippocampal volumes were found to be smaller in DID as compared with HC in bilateral global hippocampus and bilateral CA1, right CA4, right GC-ML-DG, and left presubiculum. Dissociative amnesia was the only dissociative symptom that correlated uniquely and significantly with reduced bilateral hippocampal CA1 subfield volumes. Regarding traumatisation, only emotional neglect correlated negatively with bilateral global hippocampus, bilateral CA1, CA4 and GC-ML-DG, and right CA3.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721002154_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We propose decreased CA1 volume as a biomarker for dissociative amnesia. We also propose that traumatisation, specifically emotional neglect, is interlinked with dissociative amnesia in having a detrimental effect on hippocampal volume.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291721002154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T09:43:01Z","timestamp":1624527781000},"page":"805-813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["A neurostructural biomarker of dissociative amnesia: a hippocampal study in dissociative identity disorder"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0862-3515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lora I.","family":"Dimitrova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie L.","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolanda R.","family":"Schlumpf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3495-7081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eline M.","family":"Vissia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellert R. S.","family":"Nijenhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Chatzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lutz","family":"J\u00e4ncke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dick J.","family":"Veltman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sima","family":"Chalavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7987-1532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antje A. T. S.","family":"Reinders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0395"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref40","volume-title":"Statistical methods for psychology","author":"Howell","year":"2010"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181a653b7"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.200033797"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098795"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J070v13n01_02"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22730"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref20","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref83","volume-title":"Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV dissociative disorders (SCID-D)","author":"Steinberg","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2015.07.013"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15299732.2017.1329772"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.17010025"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2008.01246.x"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22054"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02390"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.01.014"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2009.2030797"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23042"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61304-4"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ccog.2001.0493"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-0187-7"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v2.i8.327"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1115396109"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref2","first-page":"37","volume-title":"The hippocampus book","author":"Amaral","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S113743"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/404538"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2007.02.011"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.05.041"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00541"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2004.07.001"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199611000-00006"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.016"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref41","first-page":"92","volume-title":"Cognitive behavioural approaches to the understanding and treatment of dissociation","author":"Huntjens","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.09.046"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.03.032"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198612000-00004"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867414527523"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref42","volume-title":"IBM SPSS statistics for Macintosh","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.11.019"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22833"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024493332751"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145707007900"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185531"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhg087"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1233199"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)8:4<272::AID-HBM10>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.332"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579497001478"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(96)00006-2"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1705599"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00569-X"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.06.016"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702618804794"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref13","first-page":"16","article-title":"An update of the dissociative experience scale","volume":"7","author":"Carlson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dissociation"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.01.005"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000105372.88982.54"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00634-6"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S130710"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref24","volume-title":"Dissociation and the dissociative disorders: DSM-V and beyond","author":"Dell","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2020.168"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2013.07.002"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref92","first-page":"124","article-title":"World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume":"15","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal International de Bio\u00e9thique"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0396"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2342-12-27"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)67029-0"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pap0000084"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15299732.2017.1304489"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104502"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0470854871.chxxi"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2011.01.007"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/42.906426"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22260"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.12"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291705005246"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13109\/9783666402470"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797005242"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.02.051"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci2020101"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2010.2049497"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2017_33"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579412000673"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2015.137"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref4","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1110266108"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2004.08.006"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.10.2.178"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.255"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127151"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref3","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1993.5.2.162"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2005.10.011"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12839"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-1004-5"},{"key":"S0033291721002154_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.045781.117"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291721002154","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T12:18:08Z","timestamp":1695212288000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291721002154\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291721002154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291721002154","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}