{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T20:53:50Z","timestamp":1794257630987,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721002440_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Few studies have examined whether UK military veterans are at an increased risk of dementia. We explored the risk of dementia in Scottish military veterans aged up to 73 years in comparison with people who have never served.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721002440_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective cohort study of 78 000 veterans and 253 000 people with no record of service, matched for age, sex and area of residence, with up to 37 years follow-up, using Cox proportional hazard analysis to compare risk of dementia in veterans and non-veterans, overall and by subgroup.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721002440_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dementia was recorded in 0.2% of both veterans and non-veterans overall, Cox proportional hazard ratio 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.82\u20131.19, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.879 (landmark age: 50 years), with no difference for men but increased risk in veteran women and Early Service Leavers. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was associated with a higher risk of dementia in both veterans and non-veterans, although possibly to a lesser degree in veterans. A history of mood disorder was strongly associated with developing dementia, greater in veterans than in non-veterans, odds ratio 1.54, 95% CI 1.01\u20132.35, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.045.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721002440_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was no evidence to suggest that military service increased the risk of dementia, although this may change as the cohort ages. The well-documented association with PTSD shows no evidence of being stronger in veterans; by contrast, the association of mood disorder with dementia is much stronger in veterans. Healthcare providers should carefully assess the cognitive status of older veterans presenting with depressive illness in order to identify early dementia and ensure optimum management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291721002440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T09:42:59Z","timestamp":1624527779000},"page":"1015-1020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Dementia in Scottish military veterans: early evidence from a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4596-3399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B. P.","family":"Bergman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5381-7098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. F.","family":"Mackay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8898-7035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. P.","family":"Pell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000616"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref7","first-page":"34","article-title":"Dementia DDx. Office diagnosis of the four major types of dementia","volume":"55","author":"Bolla","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31363-6"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S163649"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.0815"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e31822001c1"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-9-68"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.02977.x"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref12","unstructured":"Greenberg, N. S. S. . Rafferty, L , Greenberg, K , & McKenzie, A. (2020). A case-control study examining the association between service-related mental ill-health and dementia in male military veterans over the age of 65 (p. 30). London: The Royal British Legion & King's College London."},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-010-0232-0"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720001944"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70537-3"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.04.004"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2098"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdy046"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000549"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.61"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e318211c83c"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717001386"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref23","volume-title":"Scottish Index of multiple deprivation 2012","year":"2012"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref18","unstructured":"Prince, M. , Knapp, M. , Guerchet, M. , McCrone, P. , Prina, M. , Comas-Herrera, A. , \u2026 King, D. (2014). Dementia UK: Update (2nd ed., p. 113). London: Alzheimer's Society."},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318225c6bc"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207450701392068"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu082"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.04.007"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/81.3.515"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m09837"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2011.60"},{"key":"S0033291721002440_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e318250e9dd"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291721002440","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T12:19:30Z","timestamp":1695212370000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291721002440\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291721002440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291721002440","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}