{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:03:19Z","timestamp":1787061799339,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007197","name":"U.S. Public Health Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DA016558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA016558"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007197","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000870","name":"John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000870","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004312","name":"Eli Lilly and Company","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004312","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FIRCA R03-TW006481"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIRCA R03-TW006481"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004330","name":"GlaxoSmithKline","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004330","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011893","name":"Pan American Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011893","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002491","name":"Bristol-Myers Squibb","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002491","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008648","name":"Pfizer Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008648","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291721003160_sec_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The most common treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) is antidepressant medication (ADM). Results are reported on frequency of ADM use, reasons for use, and perceived effectiveness of use in general population surveys across 20 countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291721003160_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Face-to-face interviews with community samples totaling\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 49 919 respondents in the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys asked about ADM use anytime in the prior 12 months in conjunction with validated fully structured diagnostic interviews. Treatment questions were administered independently of diagnoses and asked of all respondents.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291721003160_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      3.1% of respondents reported ADM use within the past 12 months. In high-income countries (HICs), depression (49.2%) and anxiety (36.4%) were the most common reasons for use. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), depression (38.4%) and sleep problems (31.9%) were the most common reasons for use. Prevalence of use was 2\u20134 times as high in HICs as LMICs across all examined diagnoses. Newer ADMs were proportionally used more often in HICs than LMICs. Across all conditions, ADMs were reported as\n                      <jats:italic>very<\/jats:italic>\n                      effective by 58.8% of users and\n                      <jats:italic>somewhat<\/jats:italic>\n                      effective by an additional 28.3% of users, with both proportions higher in LMICs than HICs. Neither ADM class nor reason for use was a significant predictor of perceived effectiveness.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291721003160_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ADMs are in widespread use and for a variety of conditions including but going beyond depression and anxiety. In a general population sample from multiple LMICs and HICs, ADMs were widely perceived to be either very or somewhat effective by the people who use them.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291721003160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T02:41:57Z","timestamp":1632364917000},"page":"1583-1591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Antidepressant use in low- middle- and high-income countries: a World Mental Health Surveys report"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2319-9473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan E.","family":"Kazdin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Shin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irving","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Puac-Polanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy A.","family":"Sampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Al-Hamzawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Helena","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corina","family":"Benjet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9-Miguel","family":"Caldas-de-Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"de Girolamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"de Jonge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Florescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oye","family":"Gureje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josep M.","family":"Haro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith G.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elie G.","family":"Karam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Karam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviane","family":"Kovess-Masfety","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sing","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Navarro-Mateu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Nishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bibilola D.","family":"Oladeji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Posada-Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan J.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. Bedirhan","family":"\u00dcst\u00fcn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel V.","family":"Vigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahari","family":"Zarkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan M.","family":"Zaslavsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4831-2305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald C.","family":"Kessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the WHO World Mental Health Survey collaborators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00495-2"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref4","unstructured":"Brody, D. J. , & Gu, Q. (2020). Antidepressant use among adults: United States, 2015\u20132018. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/products\/databriefs\/db377.htm."},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12921"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref31","first-page":"2962","article-title":"Antidepressants for bipolar disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, controlled trials","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Regeneration Research"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.163.1.148"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000591"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.168"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-014-1676-z"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.156786"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.06111868"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.196"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32408-5"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12609"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3255"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111682"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref22","unstructured":"SAS Institute Inc. (2016). SAS Software Version 9.4."},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30024-4"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref28","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates. Retrieved from https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/254610."},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32802-7"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref27","volume-title":"Introduction to variance estimation","author":"Wolter","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref7","first-page":"1859","article-title":"Global, regional, and national Disability-Adjusted Life-Years (DALY) for 359 diseases and injuries and Health Life Expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"Cooper","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2017.19.2\/bbandelow","article-title":"Treatment of anxiety disorders","volume":"19","author":"Bandelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref11","first-page":"91","volume-title":"The WHO world mental health surveys: Global perspectives on the epidemiology of mental disorders","author":"Harkness","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref9","volume-title":"Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR axis I disorders, research version, Non-patient edition. (SCID-I\/NP)","author":"First","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.1107"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref14","volume-title":"Sample designs and sampling procedures","author":"Heeringa","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.4564"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v68n0713"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0595-x"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2011.11.009"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.140201"},{"key":"S0033291721003160_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.81"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291721003160","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T06:39:35Z","timestamp":1678343975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291721003160\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291721003160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291721003160","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}