{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T23:03:38Z","timestamp":1790204618652,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639612800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721004852_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although the ICD and DSM differentiate between different psychiatric disorders, these often share symptoms, risk factors, and treatments. This was a population-based, case\u2013control, sibling study examining familial clustering of all psychiatric disorders and low IQ, using data from the Israel Draft-Board Registry on all Jewish adolescents assessed between 1998 and 2014.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721004852_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified all cases with autism spectrum disorder (ASD, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 2128), severe intellectual disability (ID, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 9572), attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 3272), psychotic (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 7902), mood (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 9704), anxiety (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 10 606), personality (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 24 816), or substance\/alcohol abuse (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 791) disorders, and low IQ (\u2a7e2 SDs below the population mean, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 31 186). Non-CNS control disorders were adolescents with Type-1 diabetes (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 2427), hernia (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 29 558) or hematological malignancies (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 931). Each case was matched with 10 age-matched controls selected at random from the Draft-Board Registry, with replacement, and for each case and matched controls, we ascertained all full siblings. The main outcome measure was the relative recurrence risk (RRR) of the sibling of a case having the same (within-disorder RRR) or a different (across-disorder RRR) disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721004852_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Within-disorder RRRs were increased for all diagnostic categories, ranging from 11.53 [95% confidence interval (CI): 9.23\u201314.40] for ASD to 2.93 (95% CI: 2.80\u20133.07) for personality disorders. The median across-disorder RRR between any pair of psychiatric disorders was 2.16 (95% CI: 1.45\u20132.43); the median RRR between low IQ and any psychiatric disorder was 1.37 (95% CI: 0.93\u20131.98). There was no consistent increase in across-disorder RRRs between the non-CNS disorders and psychiatric disorders and\/or low IQ.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721004852_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These large population-based study findings suggest shared etiologies among most psychiatric disorders, and low IQ.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291721004852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T07:04:34Z","timestamp":1639638274000},"page":"2878-2884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Familial clustering of psychiatric disorders and low 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