{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T21:23:40Z","timestamp":1792531420082,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721004955_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Post-traumatic mechanisms are theorised to contribute to voice-hearing in people with psychosis and a history of trauma. Phenomenological links between trauma and voices support this hypothesis, as they suggest post-traumatic processes contribute to the content of, and relationships with, voices. However, research has included small samples and lacked theory-based comprehensive assessments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721004955_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>In people with distressing voices (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 73) who experienced trauma prior to voice-hearing, trauma\u2013voice links were assessed both independently and dependently (descriptions were presented and rated separately and together, respectively) by both participants and researchers. A structured coding frame assessed four types of independent links (i.e. victimisation type, physiological-behavioural, emotional, and cognitive response themes including negative self-beliefs) and three types of dependent links: relational (similar interaction with\/response to, voice and trauma); content (voice and trauma content are exactly the same); and identity (voice identity is the same as perpetrator).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721004955_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Independent links were prevalent in participants (51\u201358%) and low to moderately present in researcher ratings (8\u201341%) for significant themes. Identification of negative self-beliefs in trauma was associated with a significantly higher likelihood of negative self-beliefs in voices [participants odds ratio (OR) 9.8; researchers OR 4.9]. Participants and researchers also reported many dependent links (80%, 66%, respectively), most frequently relational links (75%, 64%), followed by content (60%, 25%) and identity links (51%, 22%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721004955_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trauma appears to be a strong shaping force for voice content and its psychological impact. The most common trauma\u2013voice links involved the experience of cognitive-affective psychological threat, embodied in relational experiences. Trauma-induced mechanisms may be important intervention targets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291721004955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T07:53:23Z","timestamp":1641542003000},"page":"2954-2962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Voice phenomenology as a mirror of the past"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8797-8217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"van den Berg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4067-6155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Tolmeijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0872-7047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyssa","family":"Jongeneel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4421-3265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton B. 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