{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T04:58:10Z","timestamp":1774933090027,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721005092_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gut microbiome and dietary patterns have been suggested to be associated with depression\/anxiety. However, limited effort has been made to explore the effects of possible interactions between diet and microbiome on the risks of depression and anxiety.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721005092_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using the latest genome-wide association studies findings in gut microbiome and dietary habits, polygenic risk scores (PRSs) analysis of gut microbiome and dietary habits was conducted in the UK Biobank cohort. Logistic\/linear regression models were applied for evaluating the associations for gut microbiome-PRS, dietary habits-PRS, and their interactions with depression\/anxiety status and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)\/Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) score by R software.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721005092_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We observed 51 common diet\u2013gut microbiome interactions shared by both PHQ score and depression status, such as overall beef intake \u00d7 genus <jats:italic>Sporobacter<\/jats:italic> [hurdle binary (HB)] (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>PHQ<\/jats:sub> = 7.88 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>depression status<\/jats:sub> = 5.86 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>); carbohydrate \u00d7 genus <jats:italic>Lactococcus<\/jats:italic> (HB) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>PHQ<\/jats:sub> = 0.0295, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>depression status<\/jats:sub> = 0.0150). We detected 41 common diet\u2013gut microbiome interactions shared by GAD score and anxiety status, such as sugar \u00d7 genus <jats:italic>Parasutterella<\/jats:italic> (rank normal transformed) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>GAD<\/jats:sub> = 5.15 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>anxiety status<\/jats:sub> = 0.0347); tablespoons of raw vegetables per day \u00d7 family <jats:italic>Coriobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> (HB) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>GAD<\/jats:sub> = 6.02 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>anxiety status<\/jats:sub> = 0.0345). Some common significant interactions shared by depression and anxiety were identified, such as overall beef intake \u00d7 genus <jats:italic>Sporobacter<\/jats:italic> (HB).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721005092_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study results expanded our understanding of how to comprehensively consider the relationships for dietary habits\u2013gut microbiome interactions with depression and anxiety.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291721005092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T07:11:59Z","timestamp":1643094719000},"page":"3047-3055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Evaluating the interactive effects of dietary habits and human gut microbiome on the risks of depression and 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