{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T19:58:43Z","timestamp":1793390323903,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642464000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721005389_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Military personnel deployed to combat and peacekeeping missions are exposed to high rates of traumatic events. Accumulating evidence suggests an important association between deployment and the development of other mental health symptoms beyond post-traumatic stress disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721005389_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study examined the prevalence of agoraphobia, anxiety, depression, and hostility symptoms in a cohort of Dutch ISAF veterans (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 978) from pre-deployment up to 10 years after homecoming. The interaction of potential moderating factors with the change in mental health symptoms relative to pre-deployment was investigated at each time point.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721005389_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The probable prevalence of agoraphobia, anxiety, depression, and hostility symptoms significantly increased over time to respectively 6.5, 2.7, 3.5, and 6.2% at 10 years after deployment. Except for hostility symptoms, the probable prevalence at 10 years after deployment was the highest compared to all previous follow-up assessments. Importantly, less perceived social support after returning from deployment was found as a risk factor for all different mental health symptoms. Unit support was not associated with the development of mental health problems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291721005389_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study suggests a probable broad and long-term impact of deployment on the mental health of military service members. Due to the lack of a non-deployed control group, causal effects of deployment could not be demonstrated. Continued effort should nevertheless be made in the diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of mental health symptoms, even a decade after deployment. The findings also underscore the importance of social support after homecoming and its potential for the prevention of long-term mental health problems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291721005389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T07:53:36Z","timestamp":1642492416000},"page":"3355-3365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Long-term risk for mental health symptoms in Dutch ISAF veterans: the role of perceived social support"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3064-3934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sija J.","family":"van der Wal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3479-2379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elbert","family":"Geuze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0579-4404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Vermetten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref32","first-page":"35","article-title":"Social support and resilience to stress: From neurobiology to clinical practice","volume":"4","author":"Ozbay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref6","article-title":"Unit cohesion during deployment and post-deployment mental health: Is cohesion an individual- or unit-level buffer for combat-exposed soldiers?","volume":"52","author":"Campbell-Sills","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.155432"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.07.046"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.11.005"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(99)00015-X"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref2","volume-title":"SCL-90: Revised manual for a multidimensional indicator of psychopathology [Herziene handleiding bij een multidimensionale psychopathologie indicator]","author":"Arrindell","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usz436"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2014.04.004"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000243824.84651.6c"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60672-1"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026244"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008931926181"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.034884"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref34a","unstructured":"Pink, F . (1973). Us and Them. The Dark Side of the Moon. Los Angeles: Harvest Records."},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.03.017"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref12","volume-title":"SCL-90-R. Administration, scoring and procedures manual","author":"Derogatis","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00368-5"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327876mp1802_1"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.54"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.06.018"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712003042"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m09854"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.096552"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22884"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2016.1155235"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21635781.2020.1864528"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.04.015"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2014.05.003"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07317115.2014.990598"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1998.tb09961.x"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000571"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-015-0575-z"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-010-0334-8"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.175"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.11.023"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Long-term development of post-traumatic stress symptoms and associated risk factors in military service members deployed to Afghanistan: Results from the PRISMO 10-year follow-up","volume":"64","author":"van der Wal","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21635781.2017.1343694"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22199"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.06.008"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.18.2141"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00465-7"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2018.01.002"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719000527"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref21","article-title":"Resilience to mental health problems and the role of deployment status among U.S. Army reserve and national guard soldiers","volume":"56","author":"Hoopsick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref11","volume-title":"Brief symptom inventory (BSI): Administration, scoring, and procedures manual","author":"Derogatis","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.08.013"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719000655"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026670"},{"key":"S0033291721005389_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.12.003"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291721005389","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T07:14:06Z","timestamp":1686899646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291721005389\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291721005389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291721005389","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}