{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T16:12:43Z","timestamp":1777565563663,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646265600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S003329172100547X_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The relationship between major depressive disorder (MDD) and personality disorders is complex, with implications for diagnosis and treatment. We sought to explore the relationship between these disorders quantitatively in an inpatient setting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S003329172100547X_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a structured observational study exploring symptoms of depression and selected neurocognitive functions over the span of an inpatient admission in those with depression and personality disorders. Sixty inpatients presenting with symptoms of depression completed ratings of mood and neurocognitive function. Diagnosis was confirmed by structured clinical interview (SCID-5-RV) at discharge and used to allocate patients to one of the two groups for analysis: those with MDD-only and those with a personality disorder (with or without MDD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S003329172100547X_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>On admission, observer-based ratings of depression were significantly higher in the MDD-only group while subjective ratings were higher in the personality disorder group. Depression rating scores lessened in both groups during the admission, but at discharge, the personality disorder group continued to report higher subjective ratings. The personality disorder group also rated themselves as more cognitively impaired than the MDD-only group and unlike the MDD-only group, they did not report subjective improvements in cognitive function over the course of admission. Objective assessment of cognitive function demonstrated improvements in both groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S003329172100547X_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, the presence of a personality disorder was associated with greater subjective severity of depressive symptomatology and selected neurocognitive functioning, despite similar or lower objective severity in comparison with those with MDD. This finding has implications for understanding the patient journey through health care settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003329172100547x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T10:39:54Z","timestamp":1646303994000},"page":"3416-3425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A quantitative analysis of the relationship between affective state and personality ratings in inpatient depression (RAPID)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5896-8538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaushadh","family":"Jayakody","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9808-7460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian J.","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5682-7507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Andrew","family":"Cousins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"S003329172100547X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004"},{"key":"S003329172100547X_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22376"},{"key":"S003329172100547X_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1982.tb01421.x"},{"key":"S003329172100547X_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.03.020"},{"key":"S003329172100547X_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.116.530.11"},{"key":"S003329172100547X_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.1.106","article-title":"Neuropsycholgical testing of patients with borderline personality disorder","volume":"148","author":"O'Leary","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S003329172100547X_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790080075010"},{"key":"S003329172100547X_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13m08428"},{"key":"S003329172100547X_ref28","first-page":"218","volume-title":"Early clinical drug evaluation assessment manual for psychopharmacology \u2013 revise","author":"Guy","year":"1976"},{"key":"S003329172100547X_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.136.1.67","article-title":"Personality attributes in affective disorders","volume":"136","author":"Hirschfeld","year":"1979","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S003329172100547X_ref44","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 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