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Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291722000691_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pre-pandemic psychological distress is associated with increased susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, but associations with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity are not established. The authors examined the associations between distress prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent risk of hospitalization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291722000691_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between April 2020 (baseline) and April 2021, we followed 54 781 participants from three ongoing cohorts: Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII), Nurses' Health Study 3 (NHS3), and the Growing Up Today Study (GUTS) who reported no current or prior SARS-CoV-2 infection at baseline. Chronic depression was assessed during 2010\u20132019. Depression, anxiety, worry about COVID-19, perceived stress, and loneliness were measured at baseline. SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalization due to COVID-19 was self-reported. Relative risks (RRs) were calculated by Poisson regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291722000691_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>3663 participants reported a positive SARS-CoV-2 test (mean age = 55.0 years, standard deviation = 13.8) during follow-up. Among these participants, chronic depression prior to the pandemic [RR = 1.72; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20\u20132.46], and probable depression (RR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.08\u20133.03), being very worried about COVID-19 (RR = 1.79; 95% CI 1.12\u20132.86), and loneliness (RR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.02\u20133.20) reported at baseline were each associated with subsequent COVID-19 hospitalization, adjusting for demographic factors and healthcare worker status. Anxiety and perceived stress were not associated with hospitalization. Depression, worry about COVID-19, and loneliness were as strongly associated with hospitalization as were high cholesterol and hypertension, established risk factors for COVID-19 severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291722000691_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Psychological distress may be a risk factor for hospitalization in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Assessment of psychological distress may identify patients at greater risk of hospitalization. Future work should examine whether addressing distress improves physical health outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291722000691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T07:00:57Z","timestamp":1652943657000},"page":"4022-4031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Depression, worry, and loneliness are associated with subsequent risk of hospitalization for COVID-19: a prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5605-2016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6576-7278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luwei","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae H.","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karestan C.","family":"Koenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura D.","family":"Kubzansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Westyn","family":"Branch-Elliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge E.","family":"Chavarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291722000691_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004"},{"key":"S0033291722000691_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02142-2018"},{"key":"S0033291722000691_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.06.019"},{"key":"S0033291722000691_ref61","first-page":"570","article-title":"The validity of recalled weight among younger women","volume":"19","author":"Troy","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity"},{"key":"S0033291722000691_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540480040036"},{"key":"S0033291722000691_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20806"},{"key":"S0033291722000691_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12270"},{"key":"S0033291722000691_ref50","unstructured":"People with Certain Medical Conditions (2021). 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