{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T11:45:40Z","timestamp":1793965540041,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652659200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K99MD015770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K99MD015770"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1P20GM134969-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1P20GM134969-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291722001015_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Longstanding biases have fostered the erroneous notion that only those of higher socioeconomic status (SES) experience eating disorders (EDs); however, EDs present across all SES strata. Considering the dearth of ED research among those of lower SES, this study examined (1) the overall association between SES and ED prevalence, and (2) ED prevalence in the context of four relevant social identities (i.e. SES, gender identity, sexual orientation, and race\/ethnicity) from an intersectional perspective, as unique combinations of multiple social identities may differentially influence risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291722001015_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A sample of 120 891 undergraduate\/graduate students from the Healthy Minds Study self-reported family SES with a single-item question, gender identity, sexual orientation, and race\/ethnicity, and were screened for ED risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291722001015_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants of lower SES had 1.27 (95% CI 1.25\u20131.30) times greater prevalence of a positive ED screen than those of higher SES. Substantial heterogeneity was observed across the four social identities beyond the association with SES. For example, positive ED screens were particularly common among lower SES, Latinx, sexual minority cisgender men and women, with 52% of bisexual men and 52% of lesbian women of Latinx ethnicity and lower SES screening positive.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291722001015_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although positive ED screens were more common among undergraduate\/graduate students of lower SES, the particularly high ED risk reported by certain groups of lower SES with multiple minority identities reinforces the importance of investigating multi-layered constructs of identity when identifying groups at disproportionate risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291722001015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T08:26:15Z","timestamp":1652689575000},"page":"4255-4265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Socioeconomic status and eating disorder prevalence: at the intersections of gender identity, sexual orientation, and race\/ethnicity"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9347-0156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasha L.","family":"Burke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3933-1766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivienne M.","family":"Hazzard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9907-7598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren M.","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6939-2784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"O'Flynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2582-4220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel F.","family":"Rodgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20787"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23193"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2015.10.004"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.05.009"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10129"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.127811"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026457"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30248-8"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0938-3"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref77","volume-title":"When labels don't fit: Hispanics and their views of identity \u2013 politics, values and religion","author":"Taylor","year":"2012"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000472"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2020.0077"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19419899.2020.1765411"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.674"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-020-01200-0"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref21","first-page":"232","volume-title":"Words of fire: An anthology of African American feminist thought","author":"Guy-Sheftall","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20679","article-title":"SCOFF, the development of an eating disorder screening questionnaire","volume":"43","author":"Hill","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2008.02.003"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref56","volume-title":"Scarcity: The new science of having less and how it defines our lives","author":"Mullainathan","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114092"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301150"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(02)00088-8"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/asap.12001"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702619851811"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538720.2013.833066"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-017-4181-0"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref70","volume-title":"Intersectionality-informed quantitative research: A primer","author":"Rouhani","year":"2014"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00048677509159842"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0001050"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2015.06.009"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.109629"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref5","first-page":"90","volume-title":"The Black woman: An anthology","author":"Beale","year":"1970"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014564"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-108X(199607)20:1<1::AID-EAT1>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref1","volume-title":"Access denied: Restoring the nation's commitment to equal educational opportunity","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-014-9642-6"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302003"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.2014.77.2.130"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000645"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2021.101501"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22990"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.10.009"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref37","volume-title":"Americans are less accepting of homosexuality than other westerners \u2013 religion may be one reason","author":"Horowitz","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2021.101548"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref62","volume-title":"The global divide on homosexuality persists","author":"Poushter","year":"2020"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23079","article-title":"Differences in risk factors for binge eating by socioeconomic status in a community-based sample of adolescents: Findings from project EAT","volume":"52","author":"West","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000242"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2016.10.004"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.03.022"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2007.58.3.357"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref23","unstructured":"Deloitte Access Economics. (2020). The social and economic cost of eating disorders in the United States of America: A report for the strategic training initiative for the prevention of eating disorders and the Academy for Eating Disorders. Deloitte Access Economics. https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/striped\/report-economic-costs-of-eating-disorders\/."},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref20","volume-title":"Household food security in the United States in 2018, ERR-270","author":"Coleman-Jensen","year":"2019"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000276"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10640260701454311"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref25","year":"2022"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20360"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00221465211032947"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461520938273"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23581"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref18","author":"Carlson","year":"2021","journal-title":"More Adequate SNAP Benefits Would Help Millions of Participants Better Afford Food"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.11.011"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370705200312"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22846"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23304"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23371"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170603"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.08.001"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23693"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-008-9400-z"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref22","first-page":"383","volume-title":"Feminist legal theory: Foundations","author":"Crenshaw","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23074","article-title":"Food insecurity and bulimia nervosa in the United States","volume":"52","author":"Lydecker","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2019.05.002"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018922"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.7.4.302"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3663"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22652"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2021.101519"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0801-y"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7223.1467"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40894-018-0079-2"},{"key":"S0033291722001015_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.04.026"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291722001015","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T16:48:03Z","timestamp":1700585283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291722001015\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291722001015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291722001015","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}