{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T20:32:09Z","timestamp":1793392329573,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659052800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291722001416_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to identify the trajectory of conduct and emotional problems for young people within the general population at four time points (between 9 years 7 months and 16 years 6 months), investigate their relationship with hyperactive\/inattentive traits and explore the moderating effect of autistic social traits (ASTs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291722001416_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from 9305 individuals involved in The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) study were included. Conduct and emotional problems and hyperactive\/inattentive traits were measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. ASTs were assessed using the Social Communication Disorder Checklist. Individual trajectories for conduct and emotional problems were identified via growth curve modelling. Hyperactive\/inattentive traits were included within the growth curve model as a time-varying covariate to determine their effect on these outcomes. Finally, participants were split into two groups (below and above clinical threshold ASTs Groups) and multi-group invariance testing was conducted on the data to identify the moderating effect of ASTs on the relationship between hyperactive\/inattentive traits and outcomes (i.e. conduct and emotional problems).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291722001416_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hyperactive\/inattentive traits were associated with higher rates of conduct and emotional problems for both boys and girls. The presence of ASTs moderated these relationships for boys, but not for girls, by increasing the risk of boys with hyperactive\/inattentive traits developing greater conduct and emotional problems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291722001416_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings underscore the importance of identifying hyperactive\/inattentive traits and ASTs in young people and addressing the increased risk of conduct and emotional problems. Research and clinical implications are explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291722001416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T10:49:56Z","timestamp":1659091796000},"page":"4539-4549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sex differences in conduct and emotional outcomes for young people with hyperactive\/inattentive traits and social communication difficulties between 9 and 16 years of age: a growth curve analysis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8720-2785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack","family":"Hollingdale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Woodhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisli","family":"Gudjonsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Charman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Will","family":"Mandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199504000-00017"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.09.008"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-004-2003-5"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200620020-00003"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361312470494"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckt100"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027347"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4163-9_23"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1356-0"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021963098002996"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31819176b8"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199708000-00011"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361300004002002"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-017-1352-6"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.2.130"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02511.x"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.187.6.568"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref74","volume-title":"Statistical analysis with latent variables","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.64.3.540"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2333\/bhmk.29.81"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0165"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3529"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-008-0691-y"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref91","first-page":"357","article-title":"Gender differences in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"33","author":"Rucklidge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatric Clinics"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084917"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0123-0"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0694-7"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys064"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021405"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref94","volume-title":"Maximum likelihood estimation","author":"Scholz","year":"2014"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.1036"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.6.1083"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200111000-00015"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0706-7"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.04.021"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref70","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Treatment of childhood disorders","author":"McMahon","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719002368"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12379"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203726532"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-009-0159-4"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-007-9128-1"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e318179964f"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys066"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5215.2008.00292.x"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085530"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/108705470200500302"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0900G"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181985068"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.8.896"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2920"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09060796"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.01.003"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.1.36"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref68","first-page":"17","article-title":"Using time-varying covariates in multilevel growth models","volume":"1","author":"McCoach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711000377"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-005-6734-7"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424JCCP3301_5"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.05.018"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2006.01.002"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200102000-00008"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650504600402"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.111.2.279"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref13","first-page":"136","volume-title":"Testing Structural Equation","author":"Browne","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1215-z"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170400337X"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-10-56"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054714538655"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.3.400"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.48.1.371"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13217"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.103","article-title":"Attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms moderate cognition and behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"2","author":"Yerys","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref48","first-page":"76","volume-title":"Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications","author":"Hu","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064842"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-003-0298-2"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.01.005"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1695-2_261"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3751-2"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.128.1.118"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-012-0135-8"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199605000-00013"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170500471X"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054706286698"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054705278777"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012253723272"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01783.x"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref26","first-page":"104","article-title":"The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: Is it an American condition?","volume":"2","author":"Faraone","year":"2003","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-199806000-00003"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780198739258.003.0041"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181ba3dbb"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.01.007"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2019.103501"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.04.011"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00390.x"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.21.1.45"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02707-9"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00361.x"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200209000-00009"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-0950-x"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3482"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01585-y"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0810-8"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0621-3"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2008.032"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.39.2.222"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.8.837"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02278.x"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2006.01863.x"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025054610557"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01857.x"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.05.015"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.01.006"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.6.942"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-006-1003-z"},{"key":"S0033291722001416_ref3","volume-title":"Amos (version 24.0) [computer program]","author":"Arbuckle","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291722001416","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T13:36:21Z","timestamp":1730295381000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291722001416\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291722001416"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291722001416","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}