{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T10:25:19Z","timestamp":1793615119964,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666310400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HD080749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD080749"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AG055393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AG055393"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S003329172200318X_sec_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Social scientists generally agree that health disparities are produced, at least in part, by adverse social experiences, especially during childhood and adolescence. Building on this research, we use an innovative method to measure early adversity while drawing upon a biopsychosocial perspective on health to formulate a model that specifies indirect pathways whereby childhood and adolescent adversity become biologically embedded and influence adult health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S003329172200318X_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using nearly 20 years of longitudinal data from 382 Black Americans, we use repeated-measures latent class analysis (RMLCA) to construct measures of childhood\/adolescent adversities and their trajectories. Then, we employ structural equation modeling to examine the direct and indirect effects of childhood\/adolescent adversity on health outcomes in adulthood through psychosocial maladjustment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S003329172200318X_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>RMLCA identified two classes for each component of childhood\/adolescent adversity across the ages of 10 to 18, suggesting that childhood\/adolescent social adversities exhibit a prolonged heterogeneous developmental trajectory. The models controlled for early and adult mental health, sociodemographic and health-related covariates. Psychosocial maladjustment, measured by low self-esteem, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and lack of self-control, mediated the relationship between childhood\/adolescent adversity, especially parental hostility, racial discrimination, and socioeconomic class, and both self-reported illness and blood-based accelerated biological aging (with proportion mediation ranging from 8.22% to 79.03%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S003329172200318X_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results support a biopsychosocial model of health and provide further evidence that, among Black Americans, early life social environmental experiences, especially parenting, financial stress, and racial discrimination, are associated with adult health profiles, and furthermore, psychosocial mechanisms mediate this association.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003329172200318x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T06:55:21Z","timestamp":1666335321000},"page":"6027-6036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Specifying the psychosocial pathways whereby child and adolescent adversity shape adult health outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7757-6548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Man-Kit","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark T.","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald L.","family":"Simons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven R. H.","family":"Beach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264315580122","article-title":"Childhood adversities and adult cardiometabolic health: Does the quantity, timing, and type of adversity matter?","volume":"27","author":"Friedman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Aging and Health"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9570","article-title":"The transcriptional landscape of age in human peripheral blood","volume":"6","author":"Peters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000409","article-title":"Childhood psychological distress as a mediator in the relationship between early-life social disadvantage and adult cardiometabolic risk: Evidence from the 1958 British Birth Cohort","volume":"78","author":"Winning","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychosomatic Medicine"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/famp.12715","article-title":"Intervention effects on self-control decrease speed of biological aging mediated by changes in substance use: A longitudinal study of African American youth","volume":"61","author":"Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Family Process"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2019.02.011","article-title":"The weathering hypothesis as an explanation for racial disparities in health: A systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Forde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annals of Epidemiology"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024768","article-title":"Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: Moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms","volume":"137","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref30","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Advances in latent variable mixture models","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"2008"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.2307\/2095720","article-title":"Self-esteem and adolescent problems: Modeling reciprocal effects","volume":"54","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199305000-00023","article-title":"The diagnostic interview schedule for children-revised version (DISC-R): I. Preparation, field testing, interrater reliability, and acceptability","volume":"32","author":"Shaffer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755458","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.755458","article-title":"The impact of harsh parenting on the development of obesity in adulthood: An examination of epigenetic\/gene expression mediators among African American youth","volume":"8","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1006\/jado.2000.0393","article-title":"Subjective health complaints in adolescence \u2013 reliability and validity of survey methods","volume":"24","author":"Haugland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.2537","article-title":"Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences from the 2011\u20132014 behavioral risk factor surveillance system in 23 states","volume":"172","author":"Merrick","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-018-0004-3","article-title":"DNA methylation-based biomarkers and the epigenetic clock theory of ageing","volume":"19","author":"Horvath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Genetics"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711001978","article-title":"Intergenerational transmission and continuity of stress and depression: Depressed women and their offspring in 20 years of follow-up","volume":"42","author":"Hammen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaa122","article-title":"Early signs of gut microbiome aging: Biomarkers of inflammation, metabolism, and macromolecular damage in young adulthood","volume":"75","author":"Renson","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series A"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.112794","article-title":"Childhood adversity and cardiovascular disease risk: An appraisal of recall methods with a focus on stress-buffering processes in childhood and adulthood","volume":"246","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2307\/3090187","article-title":"Perceived discrimination and early substance abuse among American Indian children","volume":"42","author":"Whitbeck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbv091","article-title":"Childhood adversity and men's relationships in adulthood: Life course processes and racial disadvantage","volume":"71","author":"Umberson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.47.6.1020","article-title":"Self-control in children: Development of a rating scale","volume":"47","author":"Kendall","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002","article-title":"Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"51","author":"Kessler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.10.002","article-title":"Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognition","volume":"35","author":"Juster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105727","article-title":"Association between racial\/ethnic discrimination and pubertal development in early adolescence","volume":"140","author":"Argabright","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000788","article-title":"The effect of early discrimination on accelerated aging among African Americans","volume":"38","author":"Carter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Psychology"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301380","article-title":"Deep integration: Letting the epigenome out of the bottle without losing sight of the structural origins of population health","volume":"103","author":"Geronimus","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470567333","volume-title":"Latent class and latent transition analysis: With applications in the social, behavioral, and health sciences","volume":"718","author":"Collins","year":"2009"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-060116-053339","article-title":"Integrating biomarkers in social stratification and health research","volume":"44","author":"Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146519859896","article-title":"Testing life course models whereby juvenile and adult adversity combine to influence speed of biological aging","volume":"60","author":"Simons","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.2307\/1131344","article-title":"A family process model of economic hardship and adjustment of early adolescent boys","volume":"63","author":"Conger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.54.10.805","article-title":"Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model","volume":"54","author":"Clark","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/padr.12079","article-title":"The best predictors of survival: Do they vary by age, sex, and race?","volume":"43","author":"Goldman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Population and Development Review"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721416655883","article-title":"Beyond cumulative risk: A dimensional approach to childhood adversity","volume":"25","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579411000411","article-title":"Early adversity and adult health outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Taylor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-020-01207-z","article-title":"Childhood adversities as determinants of cardiovascular disease risk and perceived illness burden in adulthood: Comparing retrospective and prospective self-report measures in a longitudinal sample of African Americans","volume":"49","author":"Berg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref1","volume-title":"The long shadow: Family background, disadvantaged urban youth, and the transition to adulthood","author":"Alexander","year":"2014"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2004.0005","article-title":"The long arm of childhood: The influence of early-life social conditions on men's mortality","volume":"41","author":"Hayward","year":"2004","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0097","article-title":"Agreement between prospective and retrospective measures of childhood maltreatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Baldwin","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022658","article-title":"Effect size measures for mediation models: Quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects","volume":"16","author":"Preacher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref9","volume-title":"Families in troubled times: Adapting to change in rural America","author":"Conger","year":"1994"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1177\/00221465211009309","article-title":"(Re) setting epigenetic clocks: An important avenue whereby social conditions become biologically embedded across the life course","volume":"62","author":"Simons","year":"2021a","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113169","article-title":"The effects of social adversity, discrimination, and health risk behaviors on the accelerated aging of African Americans: Further support for the weathering hypothesis","volume":"282","author":"Simons","year":"2021b","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000536","article-title":"Childhood and adolescent adversity and cardiometabolic outcomes: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"137","author":"Suglia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.8.565","article-title":"Psychosocial factors and public health: A suitable case for treatment?","volume":"57","author":"Macleod","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5328.918","article-title":"Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy","volume":"277","author":"Sampson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science (New York, N.Y.)"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref42","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Advances in the conceptualization of the stress process: Essays in honor of leonard I. Pearlin","author":"Turner","year":"2010"},{"key":"S003329172200318X_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000263","article-title":"The measurement of the mediator and its influence on statistical mediation conclusions","volume":"26","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S003329172200318X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T04:21:22Z","timestamp":1695615682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S003329172200318X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S003329172200318X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s003329172200318x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}