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Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S003329172300034X_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many studies aggregate prescription opioid misuse (POM) and heroin use into a single phenotype, but emerging evidence suggests that their genetic and environmental influences may be partially distinct.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S003329172300034X_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 7164 individual twins (84.12% complete pairs; 59.81% female; mean age = 30.58 years) from the Australian Twin Registry reported their lifetime misuse of prescription opioids, stimulants, and sedatives, and lifetime use of heroin, cannabis, cocaine\/crack, illicit stimulants, hallucinogens, inhalants, solvents, and dissociatives via telephone interview. Independent pathway models (IPMs) and common pathway models (CPMs) partitioned the variance of drug use phenotypes into general and drug-specific genetic (<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>), common environmental (<jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>), and unique environmental factors (<jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S003329172300034X_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>An IPM with one general <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic> and one general <jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic> factor and a one-factor CPM provided comparable fit to the data. General factors accounted for 55% (<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic> = 14%, <jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic> = 41%) and 79% (<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic> = 64%, <jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic> = 15%) of the respective variation in POM and heroin use in the IPM, and 25% (<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic> = 12%, <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic> = 8%, <jats:italic>e =<\/jats:italic> 5%) and 80% (<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic> = 38%, <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic> = 27%, <jats:italic>e =<\/jats:italic> 15%) of the respective variation in POM and heroin use in the CPM. Across both models, POM emerged with substantial drug-specific genetic influence (26\u201339% of total phenotypic variance; 69\u201374% of genetic variance); heroin use did not (0% of total phenotypic variance; 0% of genetic variance in both models). Prescription sedative misuse also demonstrated significant drug-specific genetic variance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S003329172300034X_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genetic variation in POM, but not heroin use, is predominantly drug-specific. Misuse of prescription medications that reduce experiences of subjective distress may be partially influenced by sources of genetic variation separate from illicit drug use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003329172300034x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T10:13:32Z","timestamp":1679480012000},"page":"6828-6837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Specificity in genetic and environmental risk for prescription opioid misuse and heroin use"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4394-0700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genevieve F.","family":"Dash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian R.","family":"Gizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas G.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy S.","family":"Slutske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.11.1313"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12811"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0677-9"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a039735"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104212"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2018.07.014"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref24","first-page":"37","article-title":"A review of genome-wide association studies of stimulant and opioid use disorders","volume":"2","author":"Jensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecular Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706007720"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.17121383"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.667118"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720005267"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01709-1"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.3.261"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref35","volume-title":"Mplus users guide (version 8)","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"2017"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref50","volume-title":"Evaluating cutoff criteria of model fit indices for latent variable models with binary and continuous outcomes","author":"Yu","year":"2002"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.1206"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.12.016"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291170"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1994.55.149"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14750"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.9.886"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15225"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304187"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref14","article-title":"Big Five personality traits and illicit drug use: Specificity in trait\u2013drug associations","author":"Dash","year":"2021b","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.134932"},{"key":"S003329172300034X_ref16","unstructured":"Department of Health and Aged Care. 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