{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T11:18:37Z","timestamp":1778498317530,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683504000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291723001241_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Are genetic risk factors for current depressive symptoms good proxies for genetic risk factors for syndromal major depression (MD)?<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291723001241_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In over 9000 twins from the population-based Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders, the occurrence of all nine DSM symptomatic criteria for MD in the last year was assessed at personal interview and then grouped by their temporal co-occurrence. The DSM criteria which occurred outside (OUT) <jats:italic>v.<\/jats:italic> inside of (IN) MD episodes were then separated. We calculated tetrachoric correlations for OUT and IN depressive criteria in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) pairs and fitted univariate and bivariate ACE twin models using OpenMx.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291723001241_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean twin correlations (\u00b195% CIs) for IN depressive criteria were substantially higher than for OUT depressive criteria in both MZ [+0.35 (0.32\u20130.38) <jats:italic>v.<\/jats:italic> 0.20 (0.17\u20130.24)] and DZ pairs [0.20 (0.17\u20130.24) <jats:italic>v.<\/jats:italic> 0.10 (0.04\u20130.16]. The mean IN\u2013OUT cross-correlation in MZ and DZ pairs was modest [+0.15 (0.07\u20130.24) and +0.07 (0.03\u20130.12)]. The mean heritability estimates for the nine In <jats:italic>v.<\/jats:italic> Out depressive criteria was 0.31 (0.22\u20130.41) and 0.15 (0.08\u20130.21), in MZ and DZ pairs, respectively. The mean genetic correlation between the nine IN and OUT depressive criteria was +0.07 (\u22120.07 to 0.21).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291723001241_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Depressive criteria occurring outside depressive episodes are less heritable than those occurring within. These two ways criteria can manifest are not closely genetically related. Current depressive symptoms \u2013 most of which are occurring outside of depressive episodes \u2013 are not, for genetic studies, good proxies for MD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291723001241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T10:25:12Z","timestamp":1683541512000},"page":"7458-7465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A population-based twin study of the symptomatic diagnostic criteria for major depression that occur within versus outside of major depressive episodes"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8689-6570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth S.","family":"Kendler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven H.","family":"Aggen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291723001241_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1983.tb00610.x"},{"key":"S0033291723001241_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104"},{"key":"S0033291723001241_ref3","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0033291723001241_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00915946"},{"key":"S0033291723001241_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-018-9942-y"},{"key":"S0033291723001241_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.11.013"},{"key":"S0033291723001241_ref11","volume-title":"Genes, environment, and psychopathology: Understanding the causes of psychiatric and substance Use disorders","author":"Kendler","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0033291723001241_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.22281"},{"key":"S0033291723001241_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo2059"},{"key":"S0033291723001241_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00860-2"},{"key":"S0033291723001241_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(90)90010-N"},{"key":"S0033291723001241_ref2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0033291723001241_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-014-9435-8"},{"key":"S0033291723001241_ref20","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"Team","year":"2022"},{"key":"S0033291723001241_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"S0033291723001241_ref18","volume-title":"Structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID)","author":"Spitzer","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0033291723001241_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800030023002"},{"key":"S0033291723001241_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.10.019"},{"key":"S0033291723001241_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2019.2"},{"key":"S0033291723001241_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294359"},{"key":"S0033291723001241_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016025229858"},{"key":"S0033291723001241_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-019-0137-z"},{"key":"S0033291723001241_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-017-0009-4"},{"key":"S0033291723001241_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12070999"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291723001241","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T00:11:11Z","timestamp":1705018271000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291723001241\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291723001241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291723001241","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}