{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:33:04Z","timestamp":1787959984123,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692835200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 042747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 042747"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291723002404_sec_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a birth-cohort study, we followed offspring with prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) to investigate longitudinal associations of PCE with self-reported behavioral adjustment from early adolescence to emerging adulthood (EA). Environmental pathways (family functioning, non-kinship care, maltreatment) were specified as potential mediators of PCE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291723002404_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants were 372 (190 PCE; 47% male), primarily Black, low socioeconomic status, enrolled at birth. Internalizing and externalizing behaviors were assessed using Youth Self-Report at ages 12 and 15 and Adult Self-Report at age 21. Extended random-intercept cross-lagged panel modeling was used to account for potential bidirectional relationships between internalizing and externalizing behaviors over time, examining potential mediators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291723002404_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adjusting for covariates, significant indirect effects were found for each mediator at different ages. For family functioning, these were both internalizing (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.83,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.04) and externalizing behaviors (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1.58,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02) at age 12 and externalizing behaviors at age 15 (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.51,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.03); for non-kinship care, externalizing behaviors at ages 12 (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.63,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02) and 15 (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.20,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.03); and for maltreatment, both internalizing and externalizing behaviors at ages 15 (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.64,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02 for internalizing;\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.50,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.03 for externalizing) and 21 (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1.39,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.01 for internalizing;\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1.11,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.01 for externalizing). Direct associations of PCE with internalizing and externalizing behaviors were not observed, nor cross-lagged relationships between internalizing and externalizing behaviors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291723002404_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Negative associations of PCE with behavioral adjustment persist into EA via environmental pathways, specifying intervention points to disrupt adverse pathways toward healthy development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291723002404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T03:32:50Z","timestamp":1692847970000},"page":"721-731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Prenatal cocaine exposure and self-reported behavioral adjustments from ages 12 to 21: environmental pathways"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3584-6690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meeyoung O.","family":"Min","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Albert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Minnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"June-Yung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun-Kyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn T.","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291723002404_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316696","volume-title":"Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys","author":"Rubin","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0033291723002404_ref24","volume-title":"The juvenile victimization questionnaire (JVQ): Administration and scoring manual","author":"Hamby","year":"2004"},{"key":"S0033291723002404_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108411","article-title":"Prenatal substance exposure and developmental trajectories of internalizing symptoms: Toddlerhood to preadolescence","volume":"218","author":"Min","year":"2021a","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"S0033291723002404_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-0362(01)00208-2","article-title":"Effects of cocaine\/polydrug exposure and maternal psychological distress on infant birth outcomes","volume":"24","author":"Singer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology and Teratology"},{"key":"S0033291723002404_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2010.11.004","article-title":"Do parents and peers matter? 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