{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:46:39Z","timestamp":1786999599405,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694131200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA1151\/5-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA1151\/5-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291723002647_sec_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies on major depressive disorder (MDD) have predominantly found short-term electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-related gray matter volume (GMV) increases, but research on the long-term stability of such changes is missing. Our aim was to investigate long-term GMV changes over a 2-year period after ECT administration and their associations with clinical outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291723002647_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this nonrandomized longitudinal study, patients with MDD undergoing ECT (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 17) are assessed three times by structural MRI: Before ECT (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), after ECT (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and 2 years later (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). A healthy (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 21) and MDD non-ECT (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 33) control group are also measured three times within an equivalent time interval. A 3(group) \u00d7 3(time) ANOVA on whole-brain level and correlation analyses with clinical outcome variables is performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291723002647_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Analyses yield a significant group \u00d7 time interaction (\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        p\n                        <jats:sub>FWE<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) resulting from significant volume increases from\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      to\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      and decreases from\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      to\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      in the ECT group, e.g., in limbic areas. There are no effects of time in both control groups. Volume increases from\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      to\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      correlate with immediate and delayed symptom increase, while volume decreases from\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      to\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      correlate with long-term depressive outcome (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2a7d 0.049).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291723002647_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Volume increases induced by ECT appear to be a transient phenomenon as volume strongly decreased 2 years after ECT. Short-term volume increases are associated with less symptom improvement suggesting that the antidepressant effect of ECT is not due to volume changes. Larger volume decreases are associated with poorer long-term outcome highlighting the interplay between disease progression and structural changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291723002647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T04:19:56Z","timestamp":1694146796000},"page":"940-950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Long-term effects of electroconvulsive therapy on brain structure in major 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