{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T05:08:53Z","timestamp":1792559333621,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694649600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291723002702_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early-life stressful experiences are associated with increased risk of adverse psychological outcomes in later life. However, much less is known about associations between early-life positive experiences, such as participation in cognitively stimulating activities, and late-life mental health. We investigated whether greater engagement in cognitively stimulating activities in early life is associated with lower risk of depression and anxiety in late life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291723002702_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We surveyed former participants of the St. Louis Baby Tooth study, between 22 June 2021 and 25 March 2022 to collect information on participants' current depression\/anxiety symptoms and their early-life activities (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 2187 responded). A composite activity score was created to represent the early-life activity level by averaging the frequency of self-reported participation in common cognitively stimulating activities in participants' early life (age 6, 12, 18), each rated on a 1 (least frequent) to 5 (most frequent) point scale. Depression\/anxiety symptoms were measured by Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7). We used logistic regressions to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of outcome risk associated with frequency of early-life activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291723002702_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Each one-point increase in the early-life composite cognitive activity score was associated with an OR of 0.54 (95% CI 0.38\u20130.77) for late-life depression and an OR of 0.94 (95% CI 0.61\u20131.43) for late-life anxiety, adjusting for age, sex, race, parental education, childhood family structure, and socioeconomic status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291723002702_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>More frequent participation in cognitively stimulating activities during early life was associated with reduced risk of late-life depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291723002702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T15:41:27Z","timestamp":1694706087000},"page":"962-970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Early-life participation in cognitively stimulating activities and risk of depression and anxiety in late life"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9760-5932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinye","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Robert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaleigh","family":"McAlaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luwei","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Mangano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc G.","family":"Weisskopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291723002702_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000454"},{"key":"S0033291723002702_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"S0033291723002702_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.119164"},{"key":"S0033291723002702_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.10.011"},{"key":"S0033291723002702_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-014-9329-5"},{"key":"S0033291723002702_ref14","first-page":"955","article-title":"Developmental timing of child maltreatment and symptoms of depression and suicidal ideation in young adulthood: Results from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health","volume":"30","author":"Dunn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"key":"S0033291723002702_ref10","unstructured":"Cooper, K. , & Stewart, K. 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