{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:52:44Z","timestamp":1792687964126,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700006400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antidepressant medication (ADM)-only, psychotherapy-only, and their combination are the first-line treatment options for major depressive disorder (MDD). Previous meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) established that psychotherapy and combined treatment were superior to ADM-only for MDD treatment remission or response. The current meta-analysis extended previous ones by determining the comparative efficacy of ADM-only, psychotherapy-only, and combined treatment on suicide attempts and other serious psychiatric adverse events (i.e. psychiatric emergency department [ED] visit, psychiatric hospitalization, and\/or suicide death; SAEs). Peto odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals were computed from the present random-effects meta-analysis. Thirty-four relevant RCTs were included. Psychotherapy-only was stronger than combined treatment (1.9% <jats:italic>v.<\/jats:italic> 3.7%; OR 1.96 [1.20\u20133.20], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.012) and ADM-only (3.0% <jats:italic>v.<\/jats:italic> 5.6%; OR 0.45 [0.30\u20130.67], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001) in decreasing the likelihood of SAEs in the primary and trim-and-fill sensitivity analyses. Combined treatment was better than ADM-only in reducing the probability of SAEs (6.0% <jats:italic>v.<\/jats:italic> 8.7%; OR 0.74 [0.56\u20130.96], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.029), but this comparative efficacy finding was non-significant in the sensitivity analyses. Subgroup analyses revealed the advantage of psychotherapy-only over combined treatment and ADM-only for reducing SAE risk among children and adolescents and the benefit of combined treatment over ADM-only among adults. Overall, psychotherapy and combined treatment outperformed ADM-only in reducing the likelihood of SAEs, perhaps by conferring strategies to enhance reasons for living. Plausibly, psychotherapy should be prioritized for high-risk youths and combined treatment for high-risk adults with MDD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291723003306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T05:03:02Z","timestamp":1700024582000},"page":"457-472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Is combined antidepressant medication (ADM) and psychotherapy better than either monotherapy at preventing suicide attempts and other psychiatric serious adverse events for depressed patients? A rare events meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2023-3173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nur Hani","family":"Zainal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/14.1.19","article-title":"The incidence and repetition of attempted suicide in Ireland","volume":"14","author":"Corcoran","year":"2004","journal-title":"European Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.10.361","article-title":"A placebo controlled treatment trial of sertraline and interpersonal psychotherapy for postpartum depression","volume":"245","author":"O'Hara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.048","article-title":"Interventions to prevent repeat suicidal behavior in patients admitted to an emergency department for a suicide attempt: A meta-analysis","volume":"175","author":"Inagaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68135","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068135","article-title":"Comparing bona fide psychotherapies of depression in adults with two meta-analytical approaches","volume":"8","author":"Braun","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2528","article-title":"Much ado about nothing: A comparison of the performance of meta-analytical methods with rare events","volume":"26","author":"Bradburn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.03.008","article-title":"Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in adolescents with comorbid major depression and an alcohol use disorder","volume":"34","author":"Cornelius","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpra.2010.12.005","article-title":"Treatment of depression and suicide in older adults","volume":"19","author":"Bhar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cognitive and Behavioral Practice"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.04.003","article-title":"Is psychotherapy effective for reducing suicide attempt and non-suicidal self-injury rates? Meta-analysis and meta-regression of literature data","volume":"79","author":"Calati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.2859","article-title":"Association of antidepressant use with adverse health outcomes: A systematic umbrella review","volume":"76","author":"Dragioti","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-6-55","article-title":"Even more suicide attempts in clinical trials with paroxetine randomised against placebo","volume":"6","author":"Aursnes","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.12.032","article-title":"Adding cognitive therapy to antidepressant medications decreases suicidal ideation","volume":"281","author":"Khazanov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.01.036","article-title":"Combining pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy or monotherapy for major depression? A meta-analysis on the long-term effects","volume":"194","author":"Karyotaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.05.072","article-title":"The short-term rate of non-fatal and fatal repetition of deliberate self-harm: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"273","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.10.372","article-title":"Method of self-harm and risk of self-harm repetition: Findings from a national self-harm registry","volume":"246","author":"Cully","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.11.1026","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of fluoxetine and cognitive behavioral therapy in adolescents with major depression, behavior problems, and substance use disorders","volume":"161","author":"Riggs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.116.187799","article-title":"Strategies to prevent death by suicide: Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"210","author":"Riblet","year":"2017","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref33","first-page":"243","volume-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions","author":"Deeks","year":"2019"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(01)00343-3","article-title":"Sertraline and\/or interpersonal psychotherapy for patients with dysthymic disorder in primary care: 6-month comparison with longitudinal 2-year follow-up of effectiveness and costs","volume":"68","author":"Browne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2015.0351","article-title":"Improvements in executive attention, rumination, cognitive reactivity, and mindfulness among high-suicide risk patients participating in adjunct mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: Preliminary findings","volume":"22","author":"Chesin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.11.021","article-title":"Rational-emotive and cognitive-behavior therapy (REBT\/CBT) versus pharmacotherapy versus REBT\/CBT plus pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder in youth; a randomized clinical trial","volume":"225","author":"Iftene","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.077","article-title":"Inflammation mediates depression and generalized anxiety symptoms predicting executive function impairment after 18 years","volume":"296","author":"Zainal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084746","article-title":"Treatment selection in depression","volume":"14","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv254","article-title":"Using big data to emulate a target trial when a randomized trial is not available","volume":"183","author":"Hernan","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref3","first-page":"73","article-title":"Abandonment psychotherapy and psychosocial functioning among suicidal patients with borderline personality disorder: A 3-year naturalistic follow-up","volume":"35","author":"Andreoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Disorders"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.05.068","article-title":"Psychopharmacological treatment is not associated with reduced suicide ideation and reattempts in an observational follow-up study of suicide attempters","volume":"140","author":"Michel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.10m06130gry","article-title":"Brief behavioral therapy for refractory insomnia in residual depression: An assessor-blind, randomized controlled trial","volume":"72","author":"Watanabe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2015.10.007","article-title":"Adverse event methods were heterogeneous and insufficiently reported in randomized trials on persistent depressive disorder","volume":"71","author":"Meister","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21069","article-title":"Cognitive behavior therapy vs. Control conditions, other psychotherapies, pharmacotherapies and combined treatment for depression: A comprehensive meta-analysis including 409 trials with 52,702 patients","volume":"22","author":"Cuijpers","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref103","volume-title":"Suicide worldwide in 2019: Global health estimates","year":"2021"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-021-01019-4","article-title":"The economic burden of adults with major depressive disorder in the United States (2010 and 2018)","volume":"39","author":"Greenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2022.103399","article-title":"Incidence, risk and protective factors for suicide mortality among patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"80","author":"Chiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1411","article-title":"Risk-Of-Bias VISualization (robvis): An R package and Shiny web app for visualizing risk-of-bias assessments","volume":"12","author":"McGuinness","year":"2020","journal-title":"Research Synthesis Methods"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171800199X","article-title":"Effectiveness of psychotherapy for treatment-resistant depression: A meta-analysis and meta-regression","volume":"49","author":"van Bronswijk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02376.x","article-title":"Annual research review: New frontiers in developmental neuropharmacology: Can long-term therapeutic effects of drugs be optimized through carefully timed early intervention?","volume":"52","author":"Andersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10050718","article-title":"Clinical and psychosocial predictors of suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury in the Adolescent Depression Antidepressants and Psychotherapy Trial (ADAPT)","volume":"168","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref70","first-page":"149","article-title":"Venlafaxine in the treatment of children and adolescents with major depression","volume":"33","author":"Mandoki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology Bulletin"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.07.002","article-title":"Social functioning in major depressive disorder","volume":"69","author":"Kupferberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20758","article-title":"Treatment-emergent suicidal ideation during 4 months of acute management of unipolar major depression with SSRI pharmacotherapy or interpersonal psychotherapy in a randomized clinical trial","volume":"28","author":"Rucci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-214611","article-title":"Suicide risk with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other new-generation antidepressants in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"75","author":"Hengartner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30385-3","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants for major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: A network meta-analysis","volume":"388","author":"Cipriani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.08.023","article-title":"Adding mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to maintenance antidepressant medication for prevention of relapse\/recurrence in major depressive disorder: Randomised controlled trial","volume":"187","author":"Huijbers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e135","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2022.545","article-title":"Sex-specific factors associated with lifetime suicide attempt among patients with alcohol use disorders","volume":"8","author":"Pandey","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.6.676","article-title":"Comparison of two methods to detect publication bias in meta-analysis","volume":"295","author":"Peters","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.05.036","article-title":"Do depression treatments reduce suicidal ideation? The effects of CBT, IPT, pharmacotherapy, and placebo on suicidality","volume":"167","author":"Weitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30100-7","article-title":"Effectiveness of preventive cognitive therapy while tapering antidepressants versus maintenance antidepressant treatment versus their combination in prevention of depressive relapse or recurrence (DRD study): A three-group, multicentre, randomised controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Bockting","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet. Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.330.7488.396","article-title":"Association between suicide attempts and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials","volume":"330","author":"Fergusson","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117","article-title":"How to perform a meta-analysis with R: A practical tutorial","volume":"22","author":"Balduzzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Mental Health"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00154-1","article-title":"The knowns and unknowns of SSRI treatment in young people with depression and anxiety: Efficacy, predictors, and mechanisms of action","volume":"8","author":"Murphy","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet. Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2006.16.159","article-title":"Treatment-emergent adverse events from selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors by age group: Children versus adolescents","volume":"16","author":"Safer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.081514","article-title":"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of suicide: A systematic review of observational studies","volume":"180","author":"Barbui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13111460","article-title":"Sequential treatment with fluoxetine and relapse \u2013 prevention CBT to improve outcomes in pediatric depression","volume":"171","author":"Kennard","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013786","article-title":"Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to prevent relapse in recurrent depression","volume":"76","author":"Kuyken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.4634","article-title":"Evaluation of a model to target high-risk psychiatric inpatients for an intensive postdischarge suicide prevention intervention","volume":"80","author":"Kessler","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40479-020-00123-9","article-title":"Does treatment method matter? A meta-analysis of the past 20 years of research on therapeutic interventions for self-harm and suicidal ideation in adolescents","volume":"7","author":"Kothgassner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m10511","article-title":"Effectiveness of supplementary cognitive-behavioral therapy for pharmacotherapy-resistant depression: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"78","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.7.807","article-title":"Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and their combination for adolescents with depression: Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS) randomized controlled trial","volume":"292","author":"March","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.2500","article-title":"Pragmatic precision psychiatry \u2013 a new direction for optimizing treatment selection","volume":"78","author":"Kessler","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200003000-00008","article-title":"Imipramine plus cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of school refusal","volume":"39","author":"Bernstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1761","article-title":"What to add to nothing? Use and avoidance of continuity corrections in meta-analysis of sparse data","volume":"23","author":"Sweeting","year":"2004","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.330.7488.373","article-title":"Suicide, depression, and antidepressants","volume":"330","author":"Cipriani","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000752","article-title":"Digital bibliotherapy as a scalable intervention for suicidal thoughts: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"90","author":"Franz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x","article-title":"Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Duval","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04607","article-title":"Suicidal events in the Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS)","volume":"70","author":"Vitiello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30215-9","article-title":"The addition of fluoxetine to cognitive behavioural therapy for youth depression (YoDA-C): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Davey","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet. Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2010.01671.x","article-title":"Long-term effect of combined interpersonal psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in a randomized trial of depressed patients","volume":"123","author":"Zobel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2380","article-title":"A modified test for small-study effects in meta-analyses of controlled trials with binary endpoints","volume":"25","author":"Harbord","year":"2006","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386","volume-title":"Introduction to meta-analysis","author":"Borenstein","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2020.100346","article-title":"Estimating causal effects of internet interventions in the context of nonadherence","volume":"21","author":"Hesser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Internet Interventions"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref52","first-page":"774","article-title":"Cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression. Singly and in combination","volume":"49","author":"Hollon","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-022-02373-0","article-title":"Trajectories of generalized anxiety disorder, major depression and change in quality of life in adults aged 50+: Findings from a longitudinal analysis using representative, population-based data from Ireland","volume":"58","author":"Hohls","year":"2023","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.121208.131653","article-title":"Combination psychotherapy and antidepressant medication treatment for depression: For whom, when, and how","volume":"65","author":"Craighead","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.061713","article-title":"In defense of the randomized controlled trial for health promotion research","volume":"96","author":"Rosen","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0914-y","article-title":"Smartphones, sensors, and machine learning to advance real-time prediction and interventions for suicide prevention: A review of current progress and next steps","volume":"20","author":"Torous","year":"2018","journal-title":"Current Psychiatry Reports"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.010","article-title":"Contour-enhanced meta-analysis funnel plots help distinguish publication bias from other causes of asymmetry","volume":"61","author":"Peters","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.5.768","article-title":"An intensive treatment program of interpersonal psychotherapy plus pharmacotherapy for depressed inpatients: Acute and long-term results","volume":"164","author":"Schramm","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39224.494340.55","article-title":"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and routine specialist care with and without cognitive behaviour therapy in adolescents with major depression: Randomised controlled trial","volume":"335","author":"Goodyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-7-5","article-title":"Inclusion of zero total event trials in meta-analyses maintains analytic consistency and incorporates all available data","volume":"7","author":"Friedrich","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Medical Research Methodology"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20906","article-title":"Initial treatment choices to achieve sustained response in major depression: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Furukawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.125237","article-title":"Effects of combined pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for improving work functioning in major depressive disorder","volume":"203","author":"Lam","year":"2013","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.4.367","article-title":"Effects of citalopram and interpersonal psychotherapy on depression in patients with coronary artery disease: The Canadian Cardiac Randomized Evaluation of Antidepressant and Psychotherapy Efficacy (CREATE) trial","volume":"297","author":"Lesp\u00e9rance","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716002798","article-title":"Psychological interventions to reduce suicidality in high-risk patients with major depression: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"47","author":"Celano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i65","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i65","article-title":"Suicidality and aggression during antidepressant treatment: Systematic review and meta-analyses based on clinical study reports","volume":"352","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.10.1132","article-title":"The Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS): Long-term effectiveness and safety outcomes","volume":"64","author":"March","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718002568","article-title":"Suicidal ideation and other persisting symptoms after CBT or antidepressant medication treatment for major depressive disorder","volume":"49","author":"Dunlop","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.02.019","article-title":"Do reasons for living protect against suicidal thoughts and behaviors? A systematic review of the literature","volume":"77","author":"Bakhiyi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08070976","article-title":"Predictors of spontaneous and systematically assessed suicidal adverse events in the treatment of SSRI-resistant depression in adolescents (TORDIA) study","volume":"166","author":"Brent","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1177\/0141076817731904","article-title":"Cognitive behavioural therapy halves the risk of repeated suicide attempts: Systematic review","volume":"110","author":"Gotzsche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.04.027","article-title":"Combination of self-harm methods and fatal and non-fatal repetition: A cohort study","volume":"218","author":"Birtwistle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1159\/000442293","article-title":"Suicides and suicide attempts during long-term treatment with antidepressants: A meta-analysis of 29 placebo-controlled studies including 6934 patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"85","author":"Braun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2004.06.002","article-title":"Altering the course of neurodevelopment: A framework for understanding the enduring effects of psychotropic drugs","volume":"22","author":"Andersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280211432218","article-title":"Meta-analysis of incidence of rare events","volume":"22","author":"Lane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Statistical Methods in Medical Research"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62222-4","article-title":"Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy compared with maintenance antidepressant treatment in the prevention of depressive relapse or recurrence (PREVENT): A randomised controlled trial","volume":"386","author":"Kuyken","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2019.33","article-title":"The effectiveness of psychoanalytic\/psychodynamic psychotherapy for reducing suicide attempts and self-harm: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"214","author":"Briggs","year":"2019","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2023.01.007","article-title":"Risk of suicide attempt repetition after an index attempt: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"de la Torre-Luque","year":"2023","journal-title":"General Hospital Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2009.60.7.936","article-title":"Evaluation of an outpatient intervention for women with severe depression and a history of childhood trauma","volume":"60","author":"Vitriol","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v68n0706","article-title":"Prevention of recurrent episodes of depression with venlafaxine ER in a 1-year maintenance phase from the PREVENT study","volume":"68","author":"Kocsis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000233157.21925.71","article-title":"A comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy, sertraline, and their combination for adolescent depression","volume":"45","author":"Melvin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1027\/0227-5910\/a000181","article-title":"An intervention and follow-up study following a suicide attempt in the emergency departments of four general hospitals in Shenyang, China","volume":"34","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crisis"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1077(200008)15:6<461::AID-HUP209>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of sertraline in depressed adolescent alcoholics: A pilot study","volume":"15","author":"Deas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Human Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.7326\/M22-1603","article-title":"The management of major depressive disorder: Synopsis of the 2022 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and U.S. Department of Defense clinical practice guideline","volume":"175","author":"McQuaid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"S0033291723003306_ref94","first-page":"227","article-title":"Explaining odds ratios","volume":"19","author":"Szumilas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291723003306","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T09:49:39Z","timestamp":1709027379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291723003306\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291723003306"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291723003306","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}